发布时间 : 星期二 文章【Unit 1】2. Text I What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream更新完毕开始阅读fc68877c172ded630a1cb643
【Unit 1】Text I What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream
the top of the power structure of the private economy which is a very tyrannical33 structure. Corporations are basically tyrannies, hierarchic34, controlled from above. If you don‘t like what they are doing you get out. The major media are just part of that system.
【8】What about their institutional setting? Well, that‘s more or less the same. What they interact with and relate to35 is other major power centers – the government,
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● The price is way above what we can afford. 这价格大大超过了我们的支付能
力。
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tyrannical: adj. using power or authority over people in an unfair and cruel way
暴君的；专横的；残暴的 SYN autocratic, dictatorial ● He was brought up by a cruel and tyrannical father. ● a father tyrannizing his children ● The children had no protection against the tyranny of their father. ● His boss is a complete tyrant. 34
hierarchy (pl. hierarchies): n.
into different levels of importance from highest to lowest 等级制度（尤指社会或组织）
1) a system, especially in a society or an organization, in which people are organized
● She‘s quite high up in the management hierarchy. 她位居管理层要职。 2) the group of people in control of a large organization or institution 统治集团 3) (formal) a system that ideas or beliefs can be arranged into 层次体系 ● a hierarchy of needs 不同层次的需要
hierarchical: adj. arranged in a hierarchy 按等级划分的；等级制度的 ● a hierarchical society/structure/organization 分等级的社会/结构/组织
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relate to sth/sb:
1) to be connected with sth/sb; to refer to sth/sb 涉及；与……相关；谈到 ● We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case. 我们应针对我们
的具体情况来讨论这个问题。
● The second paragraph relates to the situation in Scotland. 第二段谈到苏格兰的
形势。
2) to be able to understand and have sympathy with sb/sth 能够理解并同情；了解；
体恤 SYN empathize with
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【Unit 1】Text I What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream
other corporations, or the universities. Because the media are a doctrinal36 system they interact closely with the universities. Say you are a reporter writing a story on Southeast Asia or Africa, or something like that. You‘re supposed to go over to the big university and find an expert who will tell you what to write, or else go to one of the foundations, like Brookings Institute or American Enterprise Institute and they will give you the words to say. These outside institutions are very similar to the media. 【9】The universities, for example, are not independent institutions. There may be independent people scattered around in them but that is true of the media as well. And it’s generally true of corporations. It’s true of Fascist states37, for that matter38.39 But the institution itself is parasitic40. It‘s dependent on outside sources
● Many adults can‘t relate to children. 许多成年人并不了解儿童的想法。 ● Our product needs an image that people can relate to. 我们的产品需要一个大家
能理解的形象。
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doctrinal: adj. (formal) relating to a doctrine or doctrines 教义的，学说的 (P6)
● the doctrinal position of the English church 英国国教教义的地位 ● (disapproving) a rigidly doctrinal approach 硬搬教条的方法
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Fascist states: countries that follow fascism 法西斯国家 (P6)
fascism (also Fascism): an extreme right-wing political system or attitude which is in favour of strong central government and which does not allow any opposition 法西斯主义
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for that matter: used to add a comment on sth that you have just said就此而论；
在这方面
● I didn‘t like it much. Nor did the kids, for that matter. 我不怎么喜欢它。孩子们
也同样不喜欢。
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The universities, for example, are not independent institutions. There may be
independent people scattered around in them but that is true of the media as well. And it’s generally true of corporations. It’s true of Fascist states, for that matter. In what way are the universities similar to the media, corporations or Fascist states? All of them are dependent institutions, relying on outside sources of support and those sources of support, such as private wealth, big corporations with grants and the government.
Whom do “independent people” refer to? What are they likely to end up with? They are the ones who are capable of independent thinking, who don‘t internalize the
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【Unit 1】Text I What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream
of support and those sources of support, such as private wealth, big corporations with grants, and the government (which is so closely interlinked with corporate power you can barely distinguish them), they are essentially what the universities are in the middle of41. People within them, who don‘t adjust to42 that structure, who don‘t accept it and internalize43 it (you can‘t really work with it unless you internalize it, and believe it); people who don‘t do that are likely to be weeded out44 along the way, starting from kindergarten, all the way up. There are all sorts of filtering45 devices
framework of belief and attitudes of the surrounding power system in the society. They are likely to end up with being removed from the system.
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parasitic: (also less frequent parasitical) (of a person) always relying on or
benefiting from other people and giving nothing back 寄生的 (P6)
● She lives a parasitic existence, constantly borrowing money from her friends.
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be in the middle of sth/of doing sth: to be busy doing sth 忙于做 饭呢。
● They were in the middle of dinner when I called. 我打电话的时候，他们正在吃● I‘m in the middle of writing a difficult letter. 我正在写一封很难写的信。
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adjust to sth/to doing sth | adjust yourself to sth: to get used to a new situation
by changing the way you behave and/or think 适应；习惯 SYN adapt ● After a while his eyes adjusted to the dark. ● It took her a while to adjust to living alone. ● You'll quickly adjust yourself to student life.
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internalize: (technical) to make a feeling, an attitude, or a belief part of the way
you think and behave 使（感情、态度或信仰）成为思想行为的一部分；使内在化 ● Minority groups tend to internalize the values of the dominant society.
COMPARE externalize: (formal) to show what you are thinking and feeling by what you say or do（以言行）表达；使（思想、感情）表露出来
● His worries about losing his job were externalized in angry outbursts at home.
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weed out: to remove or get rid of (people or things) from a group because they are
not wanted or are less good than the rest 清除；淘汰 (P6) ● Most applicants get weeded out before the interview stage.
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filter: to pass liquid, light, etc. through a special device, especially to remove sth
that is not wanted 过滤
● Use a sun block that filters UVA effectively. 使用能有效滤掉紫外线的防晒霜。 ● (figurative) My secretary is very good at filtering my calls (= making sure that
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【Unit 1】Text I What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream
to get rid of people who are a pain in the neck46 and think independently.47 Those of you who have been through college know that the educational system is very highly geared to48 rewarding conformity and obedience; if you don‘t do that, you are a troublemaker. So, it is kind of a filtering device which ends up with people who really honestly (they aren’t lying) internalize the framework of belief and attitudes of the surrounding power system in the society.49 The elite institutions like, say, Harvard and Princeton and the small upscale50 colleges, for example, are very much geared to socialization51. If you go through a place like Harvard, most of what goes on there is teaching manners; how to behave like a member of the upper classes, how to think the right thoughts, and so on.
calls that I do not want do not get through). 我的秘书很会替我过滤我的电话。
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a pain in the neck: sth/sb that is unpleasant to deal with 令人讨厌的人或事 (P6) There are all sorts of filtering devices to get rid of people who are a pain in the
(BrE also a pain in the arse/backside) (AmE also a pain in the ass/butt)
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neck and think independently. What are the filtering devices?
For example, the elite educational system from kindergarten all the way up to college, in which only some people can stay who really honestly internalize the framework of belief and attitudes of the power system in the society.
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gear sth to/towards sth: to make, change or prepare sth so that it is suitable for a
particular purpose 适应 (P6)
● The course had been geared towards the specific needs of its members. 课程已
作调整，以满足学员的特别需要。
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So, it is kind of a filtering device which ends up with people who really
honestly (they aren’t lying) internalize the framework of belief and attitudes of the surrounding power system in the society.
So, it is like a filtering device which ends up with people who accept as their own without any doubts the key belief and attitudes of the power system influencing their social surroundings.
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upscale: (= BrE upmarket) adj. designed for or used by people who belong to a
high social class or have a lot of money 高档的；高级的 OPP downscale (= BrE downmarket)
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socialization: (formal) the process by which sb, especially a child, learns to behave
in a way that is acceptable in their society 适应社会的过程；社会化
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