发布时间 : 星期四 文章澳大利亚概述-PPT介绍 - 图文更新完毕开始阅读f2c8536f67ec102de2bd89eb
AUSTRALIA
Brief Introduction
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
简要介绍
澳大利亚（Australia）是全球土地面积第六大的国家，国土比整个西欧大一半。澳大利亚不仅国土辽阔，而且物产丰富，是南半球经济最发达的国家，是全球第四大农产品出口国，也是多种矿产出口量全球第一的国家。澳大利亚拥有很多自己特有的动植物和自然景观。澳大利亚是一个移民国家，奉行多元文化，大约四分之一的居民出生在澳大利亚以外。澳大利亚也是一个体育强国，是全球多项体育盛事的常年举办国。澳大利亚有多个城市曾被评为世界上最适宜居住的地方之一。
一、国家基本概况 The State’s Essential Situation
Country Name（国名）: Australia; officially the Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦,简称澳大利亚 Country Flag（国旗）
Australia's national flag comprises the Union Jack, the Commonwealth Star, and the Southern Cross.
澳大利亚国旗是长方形，因其为英联邦成员国，英国女王为澳大利亚的国家元首，故国旗左上角为英国国旗图案，表明澳大利亚与英国的传统关系。一颗最大的七角星象征组成澳大利亚联邦的六个州和两个联邦领地（北领地和首都领
地）。五颗小星代表南十字星座，表明该国处于南半球。 Coat of Arms of Australia(国徽):
The coat of arms of Australia (formally known as Commonwealth Coat of Arms), which was granted by King George V on 19 September 1912, is the official symbol of Australia.
国徽上方是一个蓝白相间的花环和一颗象征英联邦国家的七角星; 左边是袋鼠Red Kangaroo， 右边是鸸鹋Emu， 均为澳大利亚所特有的动物， 中间是一个盾，盾面上有六组图案分别象征这个国家的六个州。 国徽底部的绶带上用英文写着“澳大利亚”一丛丛黄绿两色的金合欢Golden Wattle（澳大利亚的国花）花团锦簇，展示了南半球四季常的迷人景象。 National Anthem(国歌):
Advance Australia Fair 《澳大利亚，前进》 National Floral Emblem (国花)：
On August, 1988, the government declared Golden Wattle as the official national
floral emblem.
澳大利亚政府晚至1988年8月才宣布金合欢为国花，至今为止并没有作为国家象征的动物或鸟类。
Capital of Australia (首都)-- Canberra
Canberra is a picturesque(风景如画的)20th-century concoction on the banks of Lake Burley Griffin(贝里哥里芬湖)that has struggled to establish itself as the focus of
Australia's national identity. Autumn in Canberra is quite simply gorgeous. The days are sunny and crisp, the trees are changing and everything looks lovely. Winter is really cold. Spring is much wetter and windier, though the very popular Floriade festival(花卉节)brightens things up.
联邦成立时，澳大利亚尚未能确定首都的地点，1901--1927，墨尔本是澳大利亚的临时首都，联邦议会在墨尔本举行会议，很多的政府机构均设在墨尔本，在长达26年的时间里，墨尔本实际上担当着澳大利亚首都的角色。1908年，即联邦成立后的第七年，澳大利亚政府决定，在悉尼和墨尔本之间建造一个新的城市堪培拉，作为新首都。1927年五月，随着堪培拉临时议会大厦的启用，澳大利亚政府的办公地点正式从墨尔本迁往堪培拉。
二、 历史回顾 History of Australia
澳大利亚一词，原意是“南方大陆”，来自拉丁文。早在4万多年前，土著居民便生息繁衍于澳大利亚这块土地上，现在澳大利亚土著居民总数是41万3千人。1606年，西班牙航海家托勒斯（Luis Vaez de Torres）的船只驶过位于澳大利亚和新几内亚岛（伊里安岛）之间的海峡；同年，荷兰人威廉姆·简士的杜伊夫根号（Duyfken）涉足过澳大利亚并且是首次有记载的外来人在澳大利亚的真正登陆，并命名此地为“新荷兰”。
In 1770, James Cook（库克船长） sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. Cook‘s discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony（罪犯流放地）. Captain Arthur Phillip led the First Fleet into Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. This date became Australia's national day.
英国人首先把澳大利亚作为一个流放囚犯的地方。1788年1月26日，由菲利普船长率领的一支有6艘船的船队共1530人抵达澳大利亚的亚杰克逊港建立起第一个英国殖民区，这个地方后来成为澳大利亚第一大城市悉尼，这个名字是为了纪念当时的英国内政大臣悉尼（Sydney）。现在，每年的1月26日是澳大利亚的国庆日
A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s, and the Eureka Rebellion against mining license(采矿牌照) fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience(非暴力反抗). Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.
十九世纪五十年代，在新南威尔士和维多利亚两州发现金矿。大批来自欧洲、美洲和中国的淘金者蜂拥而至。澳大利亚人口从1850年的40万人激增至1860年的110万人。其后许多重要的金矿被一一发现，同期还发现大量矿藏，这些发现，让澳大利亚迅速致富和发展。
On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation, and voting. The Commonwealth of Australia was established and it became a dominion of the British Empire in 1907. The Australian Capital Territory was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was constructed.
1901年1月1日，经过长达十年的斗争和努力，原先的六个殖民地最
终组成联邦，即澳大利亚联邦。
三、 地理、气候及生态环境
Geography, Climate and Environment of Australia
Geography
Australia‘s landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometers (2,941,300 sq mi) is on the Indo-Australian Plate(印度-澳大利亚板块). Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans. The world’s smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia is often dubbed the “island continent”, and is sometimes considered the world‘s largest island. Australia has 34,218 kilometers (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands).
地理概况
澳大利亚是全球土地面积第六大的国家，总面积为7,692,000平方公里。 澳大利亚约70%的国土属于干旱或半干旱地带，中部大部分地区不适合居住。澳大利亚有11个大沙漠，它们约占整个大陆面积的20%。由于降雨量很小，大陆三分之一以上的面积被沙漠覆盖。澳大利亚是世界上最平坦、最干燥的大陆，中部洼地及西部高原均为气候干燥的沙漠， 中部的艾尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面15米。能作畜牧及耕种的土地只有26万平方公里。沿海地带，特别是东南沿海地带，适于居住与耕种。这里丘陵起伏，水源丰富，土地肥沃。除南海岸外，整个沿海地带形成一条环绕大陆的“绿带”，正是这条绿带养育了这个国家。
Australia‘s size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with subtropical rain forests(亚热带雨林) in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east areas, and a dry desert in its centre. It is the flattest continent, with the oldest and least fertile soils; desert or semi-arid(半干燥) land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land. The driest inhabited continent, only its south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate(温带气候).
澳大利亚的地形很有特色。西部和中部有崎岖的多石地带、浩瀚的沙漠和葱郁的平顶山峦，东部有连绵的高原，全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨2230米，在靠