发布时间 : 星期日 文章英语语法 - 独立主格结构更新完毕开始阅读d7327bc1a300a6c30d229f3d
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. （2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。 （4）现在分词作状语： ①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
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在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。 ②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 ④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 ⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。 ⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 ⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head． 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 ⑨作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 （四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的句法功能： 1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
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Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因） Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间） Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
专项练习之独立主格结构
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练习一
1. The thief stood before the policeman，_______ admitting what he had done． A. with his dropping head B. dropped his head C. raising his head D. with his head down 2. _______，he can't go out for a walk as usual．
A. With so much work to do B. With so much work doing C. With so much work done D. Without so much work to do
3. It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _______ and his eyes _______． A. closed；open B. closed；opened C. closing；open D. closing；opening 4. All things _______，the plan trip will have to be called off．
A. be considered B. considered
C. considering D. having considering 5. _______, we have to get down to business right away．
A. As there was no time left B. There is no time left C. There being no time left D. There to be no time left 6. _______ yesterday，we went out for a walk．
A. As a fine day B. It was a fine day C. It being a fine day D. For it was a fine day 7. The old man stood there, _______．
A. with back against the wall B. with his back against the wall C. and back against wall D. his back was against the wall 8. All flights _______ because of the snow-storm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train． A. were canceled B. having been canceled C. had been canceled D. have been canceled 9. _______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There is 10. _______, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 11. _______, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 12. _______, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 13. _______, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given 14. She stood there, _______ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
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