发布时间 : 星期一 文章[最新]2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题七 非谓语动词更新完毕开始阅读b1e1d764804d2b160a4ec000
从近几年的高考试题来看，非谓语动词考查特征呈现情景和设问角度的多样化趋势。具体考点如下：
现在分词与过去分词的区别；done, being done, to be done的区别；不定式与分词作状语的区别；不定式的时态及疑问词＋不定式形式；谓语动词与非谓语动词的区分；非谓语动词的时态、语态、复合结构以及独立结构的使用。
大家在判断使用何种非谓语动词形式时，可遵循以下规律：对比时间：对照谓语动词的时间，确定非谓语动词的时态形式；辨明逻辑：从非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系判断非谓语动词的语态。
一、动词不定式
1．动词不定式的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义 一般式 进行式 完成式 主动 to do to be doing to have done 被动 to be done / to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing / 如：
He seems to know this.
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It is important to read English every day. The bridge to be built next year is very long. I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long. His new novel is said to have been published.
She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by.
了解不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确理解和使用不定式起着很重要的作用。要
结合不定式的句法功能一起掌握，灵活运用。
2．不定式的句法功能
除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(作主语和表语) You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老学到老。(作宾语)
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要
开。(作定语)
3． 学习动词不定式应注意的几个问题 (1) 用不定式作宾语的词语。
下列词语常用不定式作宾语：afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。(作状语)
I didn't expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早。(作宾语补足语)
wish，want，fail，plan，agree，prefer，decide，manage，arrange，determine，desire等。
下列动词后可接“疑问词＋不定式”：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，
ask，advise，discuss等。 (2) 理解和使用不定式作宾补。
① see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，make，let，have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
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② 常用不定式作宾补的几种情况：
主语＋ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like＋sb. to do sth.
主语＋think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine＋sb.＋to be/to have done
sth.
主语＋call on/depend on/wait for/ask for＋sb.＋to do sth.
(3) 不定式作定语的特殊用法。
① 下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。如：
He had a good way to make his lessons lively and interesting. Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?
② 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如：
There is no one to look after her.
③ 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：
I have a lot of work to do.
如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如： He is looking for a room to live in.
但如果及物动词后已有了自己的宾语，其后还应加适当的介词。 Here is a box to put things in.
注意：如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；
若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别：
I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写。(我写信)
I'm going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends？……你有什么要(我)带给你的朋友们吗？(被我带而不是你带) (4) 不定式作状语的用法。
不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的
结果。如：
We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.
in order (not) to，so as (not) to用来引导目的状语，但so as to不能用于句首。so…as
to do, such ＋ 名词…as to do引导结果状语。如： The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.
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I'm not such a fool as to believe that.
不定式还可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语。如： He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with?
注意：此时不定式用主动，而不需用被动。而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏。
(5) 不定式的完成式的特殊用法。
① 表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。如：
The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years.
seem，appear，be said，be supposed，be believed，be thought，be known，be
reported等常用于上面句型。
此外，glad，happy，satisfied，sorry，surprised，disappointed后也可接不定式的
完成式。
② 不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。 (A) would like/would love ＋ 不定式的完成式。
(B) was/were ＋ 不定式的完成式，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。
(C) expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish ＋ 不定式的完成式，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。 (6) 不定式的省略。
① 两个并列的不定式由and或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中的to。如：
I want to finish my homework and go home. I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：To be or not to be，this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比)
② 句中含有动词do时，but，except，besides等后面的to可省略。即“前有do，后省to”。如：
He didn't do anything but complain.
③ why not, had better，would rather，can't… but等后省to。如：He could not but walk home.
(7) 不定式的替代。
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