发布时间 : 星期日 文章英语专业八级考试翻译指南更新完毕开始阅读ae4956dcad51f01dc281f130
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4)《黄帝内经》的作者早在春秋战国时期就总结了当时的医学知识，集几百年中医学实践 之大成。
In the Spring and Autumn Period (772 B.C. -- 467 B.C.)The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Interior Medicine summarized then-current medical knowledge. This was a great result of several centuries’ medical practice in ancient China.
张今、陈云清在《荚汉比较语言学纲要》一书中指出，动词有明显的有灵动词和无灵动词之分，在汉语中有灵动词往往需要跟有灵主语搭配，而不能跟无灵主语搭配——这里所说的有灵主语和无灵主语也就相当于我们前面讨论的人称主语和物称主语。他们认为，在英语中，有灵动词对主语一般没有这样的要求，它的主语可以是有灵主语或人称主语，也可以是无灵主语或物称主语。这一观点反映了汉语和英语中一般的情况。实际上，汉语中也有有灵动词跟无灵主语搭配的现象。例如：
1)我们的事业从胜利走向新的胜利。
(受干扰的译文)：Our cause has won victories one after another.
(发挥能动的译文)：We have won one victory after another for our cause. A series of victories have been won for our cause. 2)宗教不得干预政治。
(受干扰的译文)：Religion must not interfere with politics.
(发挥能动的译文)：It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.
3)汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。
(受干扰的译文)：Chinese characters have made indelible contributions in history. (发挥能动的译文)：The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in our history.
4)大多数城市建立了居民最低生活保障制度.
A system to ensure a minimum standard of living for city residents has been established in most cities.
上面的例子说明，汉译英时，在对待汉语中无灵主语跟有灵动词的搭配的时候，我们必须要能够摆脱原文的干扰，按照英语的习惯选择合适的能够构成适当搭配的主语或谓语动词来进行翻译。 另一方面，在汉译英过程中，我们还可以利用英语有灵动词跟无灵动词搭配能够产生生动化效果，能够使语言更简洁、地道的特点，发挥英语的优势，灵活翻译汉语的句子。例如：
1)历史上只有两种战争，正义战争和非正义战争。
History knows only two types of wars – wars of justice and wars of injustice. 2)天天色昏暗，黄沉沉，似乎要下雨，空荡荡的山谷，一片寂静。
A dirty-yellow sky had threatened rain all day and a hollow stillness hung over the valley.
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3)几天的工夫，由于抢购，货架上的货就空了。 Within days, panic buying emptied store shelves. 4)我一时记不起他的名字了。
His name escapes my memory for the moment. 5)封建主义日趋衰落。
Everyday day sees feudalism growing weaker. 6)中世纪时期，手工业者就已开始专门制造产品，商人也开始专营商品销售，出现的店铺越来越多，商贸活动迅猛发展。
The Middle Ages saw a boost in the activity of trading as the merchants and producers began specializing in making and selling goods and shops appeared in growing number.
7) 亚洲经济是世界经济的重要组成部分，亚洲经济蓬勃发展，为世界经济增添了新的活力，为国际贸易和投资开辟了巨大市场。
Asia，a major component of the world economy has witnessed robust economic growth which has in turn instilled vitality into the world economy and has opened vast markets for international trade and investment.
8) 今年一至七月份，华东的江苏省出口达138亿美元，同比增长48％。 East China's Jiangsu Province reported a year-on-year 48 percent rise in exports to 13.8 billion US dollars from January to July this year.
9) 今年头七个月，北京进出口额达61.15亿美元，同比增长38.2％。
Beijing has registered an imports and exports volume of US $6.115 billion in the first seven months of this year, an increase of 38.2 percent over the same period of last year.
10) 中国改革开放的先行者广东省，今年经济增长率预计将比1999年要高.
Guangdong Province，China's forerunner of reform and opening-up, expects to have a higher economic growth rate this year than it had in 1999.
4．汉语的重重复与英语的重变化
汉语是一种重复现象较多的语言，重复往往有助于调节音节、明确关系、加强语气，但却不致造成累赘的感觉；但英语却忌讳重复，除了出于修辞需要外，英语一般是不主张重复的—。汉语重重复的根源首先在于他代词的不活跃。汉语的代词不活跃又主要表现在第三人称代词的不活跃。第三人称代词——他、她、它、他们、她们、它们——单数和复数分别在发音上是一致的，无法让人对性别作出区别，容易造成混淆。另外，汉语缺乏英语那样的关系代词、关系副词和非限定动词，因而句子不主张过长，短句间的衔接一是靠意合，再就是靠重复。重复成了汉语的一种重要的衔接手段。由于汉语的主题承接性和主体意识的可隐含性，使得汉语可以省去很多使用代词的情况。
但是，英语一般是不主张重复的，它主张通过代词 (proforms) 指代(如it, they，its, their，this，that，some，many，do，so, nor，one，another，the former…the latter等)、省略、同义词更替、反义词加否定替代、上下位词互指 (如用the machine指前文出现过的computer)等衔接与连贯手段来避免重复，追求表达法的多样性。
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当然英语中也有修辞性的重复，这一点跟汉语一致，自然可以照样直译，如：对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong。我们在这里主要讨论汉语非修辞性重复的翻译法。
1)我们的民族将再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了，??(《毛选》第五卷)
Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation.
2)一个地方有一个地方的全局，一个国家有一个国家的全局，一个地球有一个地球的全局。
A locality has its own over-a11 interest，a nation has another and the earth yet another．
3) 非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。
The people of Africa are waging a hard struggle to win the complete emancipation of the continent.
4)我就是这样羞怯，简直羞怯得不可救药。 Shy I am, so helplessly!
5)对这些人施舍，就惯了懒汉；有的孩子尚小不能劳作，然而惯了他们也就惯了他们的父母。
Giving alms to such beggars means conniving at laziness. Even if the beggar is a child too young to work, he shouldn’t be shown benevolence,for it would inevitably lead to his parents’ laziness.
6)我国金融运行平稳，金融改革取得重要进展。
China’s finance has been operating smoothly and substantial progress has been made in reform in this area.
7)注意向中西部地区倾斜，推动中西部地区经济发展。
We must pay more attention to the central and western regions so as to promote their economy.
8)自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。
From the Chou and Chin Dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and its economy.
9）综合分析国内外的有利条件和制约因素，今年的经济增长预期为 7%左右。在优化结构，提高质量和效益的基础上，实现7%左右的增长速度并不容易，但是预计经过努力还是可以达到的。
Based on a comprehensive analysis of the favorable conditions and restraining factors at home and abroad, the projected economic growth rate this year will be around 7 percent. Achieving this growth rate through optimizing economic structure and improving quality and economic performance will not be easy, but it is predicted that it can be achieved with diligent effort.
10)改良人类现有生存条件与创造新的生存环境结合的原则，现实性和未来的豁然性相结合的原则，科学特殊性与科学独立性相结合的原则，是受过科学学和未来学理论思想熏陶的科学家在研究工作中必须遵守的。
The scientists imbued with the theoretical ideology of scientology and futurology
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should follow three principles in their research work, namely, the combination of improving present existing conditions of human beings with creating their new existing environment, the integrating of reality with future probability, and the linking of high scientific specialization with scientific interdependence.
5.汉语的定语前置倾与英语的定语后置倾向
汉语的定语基本上都是前置性的，而英语的定语，则可前可后，但比较长的定语如从句型定语、非限定动词充当的谓语、介词短语充当的定语往往需要后置。汉语的定语之所以是前置性的，原因在于它缺少像英语那样的用以标记句法成分关系的关系词和、词类标记和屈折变化。比如说英语的关系代词和大量用法活跃的介词在汉语中是找不到的或是汉语无法匹比的；英语通过-ous, -al, -ful, -y,-less等形容词词缀以及-tion, -ness等名词词缀来标记词类的做法在汉语中也是没有的；另外，最为重要的是，英语中非限定动词这种语法现象，非限定动词，如-ing分词，-ed分词和不定式的存在可以帮助构成大量标记明显、关系清楚的后置定语。
一般来说，汉语倾向于使用短句，采用频繁使用标点（主要是逗号或顿号）的手法，一层层意思逐条列举、娓娓道来，而不喜欢用长长的定语一口气把所有关系全盘托出。这样一个特点有它更深层的语言基础：那就是汉语的形态机制不发达，定语过多会造成修饰关系不清楚，造成误解，还会影响句子的节奏，让人感觉佶屈聱牙。一些典型的“主题+评论”句可以说明这个问题。
(1)该市地界巴山楚水，湖光山色秀丽，名胜古迹、自然风光融为一体，遍布其间，是理想的旅游胜地。
The city borders Sichuan and Hubei Provinces, boasting of its beautiful mountains and lakes dotted with many natural scenic spots and historical sits. It is an ideal scenic spot for tourism.
但是，汉语中也有较长的定语，例如：
(5)我们不但要有一个农、林、牧、副、渔布局合理，全面发展，能够满足人民生活和工业发展需要的发达的农业，还要有一个门类齐全、结构合理，能够满足社会消费和整个国民经济发展需要的先进的工业。
We not only need a developed agriculture system with a rational distribution and a11round development Of farming，forestry．animal husbandry，side-line production and fishery，meeting the needs of the people's life and an expanding industry，but also an advanced industrial system which is complete in range and rational in structure and which meets the needs of consumers and the expansion of the whole national economy．
(6)我们的企业一般不重视经济效益，广泛存在着劳动无定员、生产无定额、质量无检查、成本无核算的现象，造成人力、物力、财力的很大浪费。 Our enterprises, in general, pay little attention to their economic result. The number of workers needed for a job is not fixed. Production quota is not fixed. The quality for products is not checked and cost accounting is not earnestly practiced.