发布时间 : 星期一 文章中国石油职称英语（中英文对照）更新完毕开始阅读ae307b3c580216fc700afdbd
5. Again,at one time or another,you may have found that all such animals hear. Hunters know that birds are attracted by artificial calls,and fishermen emphasize that you should be as quiet(原文quite) as possible if you don't want to go home empty handed. And if you ever hunted frogs in your childhood,you know how softly you had to tread! Moreover,it seems absurd that birds should sing and frogs croak,if they could not even hear their own voices.
5、此外，你可能曾经发现所有的这些动物都在听。猎人们知道鸟类会被人造的声音所吸引，渔夫们则强调，如果你不想空手而归的话就要尽可能的安静。如果你在童年抓过青蛙，你应该知道要多么轻柔地走动。说实在，青蛙在叫，鸟儿在唱，如果它们甚至听不到自己发出的声音，岂不荒谬。
6. By direct observations and many experiments,biologists have discovered that practically all animals have some sense of hearing or vibration. Earthworms feel vibrations in the soil,fish can be trained to respond to certain tones,male mosquitoes are attracted by the sound of the female,and frogs will respond to a tape recording of their own voices.
6、通过直接观察和许多试验，生物学家已经发现，实际上所有的动物都具有某种听觉或振动感。蚯蚓在土壤里能感觉震动，鱼类可以训练的对特定的音调有反应，雄性蚊子可以被雌性蚊子的声音所吸引，青蛙对它们自己的声音的录音有所反应。
7. The inner ear is composed of delicate membranes which bear dense patches of specialized cells called maculae. Each of these collections of cells can carry a message to the brain. What message is carried by a macula depends upon how it is affected. The message which is carried is not,however,always connected with the hearing sense. For instance,a certain kind of tadpole can tell the depth of the water it is swimming in by the pitch of a tone which is produced by its own lungs.
7、内耳由脆弱的薄膜构成，它承载着密集的由被称作斑疹的特殊细胞构成的片。每个这样的细胞群都能够把信息传递给大脑，而斑疹承载怎样的信息依赖于它是怎样受影响的。但是被承载的信息并不总是与听觉相连。举个例子，有一种蝌蚪能感知它所游泳之处水的深度，它是通过某种自己肺部产生的声音的音调来判定的。
8. In the human and all other mammals,the macula has developed into an organ which can easily be seen. This organ is called the cochlea. This spiral shaped organ contains the macula itself and it is called \you have ever seen a snail shell,you know how a cochlea looks.
8、对于人类和其他所有哺乳类动物来说，斑疹已经进化成为一种很容易看见的器官，这种器官称作“耳蜗”。这一螺旋形的器官包括了MACULAE本身，以及后来被其发现者称为“CORTI”的器官。如果你看到过蜗牛的壳，你就知道耳蜗的形象。
9. When sound waves enter the cochlea,which is really a tube coiled around,they set a membrane into a back and forth motion and cause a new wave. This is something like the way in which high and low sounds are produced by a flute or whistle. The high sounds are produced when the air is prevented by the holes from going through,while the low sounds are produced by allowing more of the air to pass. All this is what produces the differences between high and low sounds. The loudness of a sound is evidently produced by how much the membrane is cause to move.
9、当声波进入耳蜗这条盘旋的管道，它令薄膜前后移动并且产生新的波动。这种方式类似于长笛或是哨子所产生的高低音。当洞穴被阻挡导致空气不能通过通道时就产生高音，而有更多空气通过通道时则产生低音。这些造成了高音和低音的不同。而声音的大小则明显的决定于耳膜运动。
10. Whether or not hearing is really produced in all animals by the effect of pressure is not definitely known by scientists as yet. We do know,however,that nature has set up some very delicate hearing mechanisms for its creatures. Scientists must explore much further for more knowledge about how animals use their ears.
10、对于所有的动物来说，听觉是否真的因为气压的影响而产生，至今科学家们仍然没有明确的了解。但是我们知道，自然界已经为它的生物们建立了一些非常精细的听觉机制。科学家们必须进行更加深入地探讨才能够对动物如何应用它们的耳朵获得更多的知识。
16.The Germanic Languages日耳曼语系
1.Most people have heard of the Tower of Babel story in the Bible. According to this story,long ago all people spoke the same language. Later,however,they were punished by speaking a great number of different tongues. Today,there are literally thousands of different languages (defined as mutually unintelligible tongues) around the world,though many are related to one another. Indeed,the two largest language families,the Indo-European (the language family with the largest number of speakers) and Sino-Tibetan (containing the Chinese languages,Thai,Vietnamese,and Tibetan) include hundreds of languages with over half the world's population.
1.大多数的人都听说过圣经中巴别塔的故事。故事称很久以前，人们说的是同一种语言。但是，后来人们遭受惩罚，而开始说各种不同的语言。今天，全世界真是有好几千种不同的语言（此处指的是彼此无法相通的语言），虽然其中语言彼此都有所关联。的确，这两个最大的语系，印欧语系（最多人使用的语系）和汉藏语系（包括华语、泰语、越语和西藏语），涵盖了几百种不同的语言，使用者也超过了全世界半数的人口。
2.Because there are so many languages within the above two super-categories of language families,linguists have further divided these linguistically rich and geographically diverse families into sub-groups,one of which,the Germanic language group,has the second-largest number of speakers (Chinese being first). Within this group of over 500,000,000 speakers is the world's foremost international language,English,foremost in terms of its geographic spread and number of second-language users. German,spoken by just over 100,000,000 people,is one of the world's ten-largest languages in terms of population. As English and German speakers constitute the majorities in several of the world's most economically,militarily,and technologically developed countries,it is important to be familiar with this particular language grouping.
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2.就因为有太多的语言涵盖于上述的两个超级语系，语言学家就进一步的把这两种语言丰富、地理涵盖范围非常广的语系再区分为几种不同的次级语系，其中的1个就是日耳曼语系，使用这个语系的人数在所有语系中排名第二位（第一位为华语）。在这个有5亿多人口使用的语系中，包括了世界最重要的国际语言，那就是英语。英语之所以称得上是最重要的语言乃因使用的地区很广，且把英语当作第二种语言使用的人口亦很多。有1亿多人操德语，故就人口而言，德语是世界十大语言之一。由于使用英语和德语的人口在几个经济、军事和科技先进的国家中占绝大比例，因此熟悉日耳曼语系的来龙去脉是很重要的。
3.Linguists further divide the Germanic languages into three groups,two extant and one extinct. East Germanic languages are no longer spoken; Gothic is an example of this small and historic grouping. Afrikaans,Dutch,English,Flemish,and German are the more important languages within the West Germanic grouping. The Scandinavian languages of Danish,Icelandic,Norwegian,and Swedish comprise the North Germanic grouping. Though these languages cannot be easily understood among their different speakers,the similarities in vocabulary are striking.
3.语言学家又进一步地把日耳曼语系分成3个支系，其中两个支系至今仍然存在，另１个支系，也就是东日尔曼语，因无人使用而已不复存。歌德语就属于这种使用者不多但历史悠久的语系。南非荷兰语、荷兰语、英语、佛兰芝语、及德语则属西日耳曼语的几个重要语言。丹麦语、冰岛语、挪威语及瑞典语等北欧语系则属北日耳曼语系。虽然这些不同语言使用者彼此不易沟通，不过词汇的雷同处却很明显。 4.Take for example the two largest languages with this group,English and German. The word Haus in German is house in English,with nearly the same pronunciation. Some names of German family members are instantly recognizable to English listeners and readers: Mutter,Bruder,and Onkel for the English mother,brother,and uncle (all German nouns are capitalized in print). Other German family members are easily learned: Vater,Schwester,and Tante for the English father,sister,and aunt. Thus,those who know English and want to study German find their first year of learning vocabulary to be relatively easy. The same is true,of course,for those who want to learn Dutch or Danish from an English or German background; these many similarities are due to the single common parent language of all the Germanic tongues,even though this \
4.就拿日耳曼语系中英语及德语两大语言来说吧，德文的Haus 就是英文的house,发音几乎完全相同。一些德语家庭成员的称呼如：
Mutter,Bruder 和Onkel,懂英语的人很快地就知道这些字指的就是mother,bother 和uncle（德文的名词一律大写）。其它有关家庭成员名称的德语说法也很容易学：像Vater,Schwester 和Tante 在英文里指的就是father,sister 和aunt。因此懂英语而想学德语的人，会发现初学词汇的第一年是很容易的一件事。当然，具有英语和德语背景的人要学丹麦语和荷兰语也同样是件易事。这些相似处乃因所有日耳曼语系皆源自共同的母语，尽管这个“爷爷级”的语言已不复存。
5.Speakers and writers of the Germanic languages account for a great deal ofthe world's output in everything from economics to literature to military to scienceand technology. Hardly an aspect of modern life does not benefit from thecontributions made by those using these languages,as in the Internet,Hollywoodentertainment,Dutch (Phillips) and Scandinavian consumer goods design(Ericsson,maker of cellular phones,is a Swedish company,as are Volvo and Saab),and even the Nobel prizes (awarded by both Norwegian and Swedish institutes).More than one-third of the world's economic production originates in thesecountries,too. 5.全球举凡经济、文学、军事乃至科技等方面的产品，有很多都是使用日耳曼语系的人所生产的。现代生活几乎各方面无不受益于这些人的贡献，譬如互联网络，好莱坞娱乐事业，荷兰（菲利普公司）和北欧的消费品设计（生产手机的爱利信公司就是瑞典的一家公司、富豪及绅宝汽车亦是瑞典的公司），甚至诺贝尔奖（由挪威及瑞典学术机构颁发）。全世界的经济生产量有超过三分之一也是源自这些国家。 6.For any speaker of a language outside the Germanic language grouppreparing to choose a useful second language for the future,English is probablythe best bet. German,too,is very useful in the fields of medicine,economics,military,and science and technology. Being able to communicate with others inthis far-reaching linguistic group will offer the user immeasurable benefits. 6.对于那些非使用日耳曼语系的人而言，为了前途而准备要选修第二种语言时，英文很可能是最佳的选择。在医学、经济、军事和科技方面，德语也是一样管用。日耳曼语系影响深远，若能使用这种语言与该语系的人沟通将会带来莫大的好处。
17.How Americans Eat and Drink 美国人的饮食
1.Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft (non-alcoholic) drink in the world. 165 million \equator to the Arctic. But whereas outside the USA Coke tends to be a young person's drink,inside the USA anybody of any age or income can drink it without embarrassment on any occasion.
1.可口可乐是全世界销路最好的软饮料(不含酒精的饮料)。从赤道到北极，可口可乐每天的销售量为1、65亿瓶。在美国，任何人，不论年龄大小、收入多少，都可以在任何场合饮用可口可乐而不至于有任何不自在的感觉。但在美国之外，可口可乐往往是青年人的饮料。 2.Coke is not the only \Cola drinks contain caffeine from the kola nut and are the only soft drinks which are stimulating as well as refreshing. 2.可口可乐不是唯一的可乐饮料。百事可乐是它的著名竞争对手并拥有自己的爱好者，因为它不像可口可乐那么甜。可乐饮料含有从可拉果中提取的咖啡因，并且是唯一的既可提神又有刺激性的软饮料。
3.There are excellent wines produced in California which are praised by European connoisseurs,but some Americans prefer stronger stuff. Well-off Americans consume a lot of alcohol in the form of cocktails-mixtures based on spirits like whisky,gin and vodka.
3.加利福尼亚生产的优质葡萄酒得到欧洲的行家们的赞扬，但有些美国人更喜欢烈性酒。很多美国人以喝鸡尾酒的方式消费大量酒精，这种酒是用威士忌、杜松子酒和伏特加之类的烈性酒调制而成的。
4.Hamburgers and hot dogs are perhaps the best known American foods. Hot dogs-sausages between bread rolls-can be bought in snack bars and from hot dog stands on street comers. And from San Francisco to New York,in cheap or medium-priced
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restaurants,hamburgers will be on all the menus,in company with steaks,fried chicken and seafood. They come with French fries and crisp green salad. In most cases it is certainly good value for money. For dessert you will be offered apple pie,cheese cake,chocolate layer cake,ice cream and ice cream sundaes. No ice cream in the world is more delicious than American ice cream. 4.汉堡包和热狗也许是最著名的美国食品了。热狗-面包卷夹香肠-可以在街角的小吃店和热狗摊上买到。从旧金山到纽约的中小饭馆，所有乏鞘菜单上都有汉堡包，它与牛排、炸鸡和海味并列。它们与炸薯条和新鲜色拉搁在一起出售。在多数情况下，这笔钱当然值得一花。要甜点心的话，你可以点苹果馅饼、乳酪蛋糕、巧克力夹心蛋糕、冰淇淋和冰淇淋圣代。世界上没有哪个地方的冰激淋比美国的更好吃了。 5.The American passion for speed has now hit the food business. Many restaurants,in particular the great chain restaurant company,Macdonald's,specialize in fast food\which is served at the counter ready \go\\take out\The food,cooked and hot,is packed into cardboard and plastic containers,and hot drinks go into plastic cups with tight-fitting lids. There are also drive-in fast food restaurants,where the customer does not even have to leave his or her car. They first stop at a board where the menu is displayed,give an order through a microphone and then drive another twenty yards,where a gift hands them the meal,ready cooked and packed. People who prefer to eat at a table in the restaurant also receive their food in cardboard or plastic containers,and the knives,forks and spoons are plastic,too. When they have finished,customers throw everything except the tray into a trash can.
5.美国人追求“快”的激情目前已经影响到了饮食业。许多饭馆，尤其是大型连锁饮食公司“麦当劳”，专门做“快餐”，也就是在柜台随时可以买到或带走的食物。饭菜做好了，趁热就装进纸板或塑料制的容器。热饮料则装入盖子盖得很严的塑料杯中。还有服务到车上的“路旁”快餐店，顾客甚至用不着离开小汽车。他们先在一块写有菜单的牌子前停车，通过麦克风订饭菜，然后再往前开20码，就有女服务员递上做好并装在盒里的饭菜。愿意在饭馆里坐在餐桌边进餐的人的饭菜也同样装在纸板或塑料制的容器中，刀、叉、汤匙也都是塑料做的。顾客吃完了，除了盘子以外，其余都扔进垃圾箱。
6.In most cities,large and small,you can eat Mexican or Italian food. And even small towns have a coffee shop serving simple meals,drinks of all kinds-and excellent,freshly-made coffee. You sit at the counter,or are served at a table. Service in restaurants and coffee shops is efficient and friendly. Waiters and waitresses often introduce themselves. \I am Don (Debbie). What can I get you folks?\This friendliness is natural and not entirely influenced by the hope of a high tip. In any case,people usually tip 15% of the check. One of the pleasantest things about waiters and waitresses is that they refill your coffee cup several times for no extra charge!
6.在大多数城市里，无论大城市还是小城市，你都可以吃到墨西哥食品或意大利食品。甚至小镇上也有咖啡馆提供简单的饭菜、各种饮料和非常好的刚煮好的咖啡。你坐在柜台边或桌旁就行。饭店和咖啡馆的服务热情周到，效率很高。男女服务员经常自我介绍：“我是多恩(或德比)。您要点什么?”这种友好毫不做作，也并不完全是想多得小费。一般，人们常另付账单金额的15％作为小费。男女服务员最讨人喜欢的一点是他们屡次三番把你的咖啡杯重新斟满而不另加收钱！7.Many American families pride themselves on their cooking,and have deep freezers,where they store food they grow in their gardens or buy in the supermarket. Supermarkets are large self-service stores selling every kind of food-fresh,canned or frozen. So,like the fast-food restaurants,their produce is less expensive and easier to market. There have been supermarkets in the USA since the 1930s,and they have now spread through a large part of the world. 7.许多美国家庭以自己的烹调而自豪。他们有冷藏箱，可以把他们在花园种的或从超级市场买的食物贮藏起来。超级市场是大型自助商店，出售各种食品-新鲜的、罐头装的或冰冻的。因此，像快餐馆一样，他们的商品较便宜，容易销售。美国从1930年代起就有超级市场了，现在超级市场已遍及世界的大部分地区。
18.The Delights of South Island 南岛之乐
1.One of the odder coincidences of physical geography is the fact that there are two double islands, roughly the same size, positioned at each other's antipodes, or farthest-distant point. The islands of England and Ireland in the Northern Hemisphere and the islands of North Island and South Island in the Southern Hemisphere are just such a coincidence. The first two islands comprise the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (or Eire), and the second two islands comprise New Zealand. Among these four islands, there can be no doubt that South Island is the least polluted and most spectacularly scenic of them all. 1.自然地理上较为奇特的巧合之一是地球上有两组大小约略相同、位置相对或者说相距最为遥远的双岛。北半球的英格兰和爱尔兰群岛以及南半球的北岛和南岛就是这样的一种巧合。第一组的两座岛构成英国和爱尔兰共和国，第二组的两座岛则组成新西兰。四个岛中，南岛无疑是污染最少且风景最秀丽的。
2.There is much competition to make such a claim. The island of England,politically constituting England,Scotland,and Wales of the United Kingdom,is dotted with country villages set alongside rivers and lakes. There are not very tall but nonetheless rugged mountains in the north,and endless miles of rocky coastline that seem mystical. Ireland,too,is a paradise of greenery,with far fewer people than populous England and even more quaint villages scattered among its low-lying hills and forever green fields. North Island in New Zealand sports a balmy climate and the beaches to make use of it; one beach alone is more than 150 kilometers long,and with relatively few people on its shores,one can pretend one is at the very end of the earth. Volcanoes,large lakes,and quickly flowing rivers traverse the land. Given the beauty of these three islands,what makes South Island so special? 2.这样说势必经过一番竞争。在政治版图上构成英国的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的英格兰本岛，乡间农村沿着河岸和湖畔星罗棋布。北部的山虽不高但却崎岖不平，而绵延不绝的岩岸则展现出神秘的风情。爱尔兰也是绿色天堂，人口远不及人烟稠密的英格兰，却有更多古意盎然的农村散布在低洼的山丘和常绿的田野间。新西兰的北岛以拥有温和的气候和可享受这宜人气候的海滩为傲；光是一个海滩就超过150公里长，而岸上人口相当稀少，可以让人假装自己是在世界的尽头。火山、大湖和湍急的河流横桓全岛。
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既然这个三个岛如此美丽，南岛又有何特别指出？
3.Plenty. For those who like mountains,South Island is sure to please. Mt. Cook at 3,764 meters is its highest peak,with 16 others above 3,000 meters. Naturally,many local and foreign mountain climbers come here for the challenge of these Southern Alps. In addition,there is an extensive glacier system,endless forests,and innumerable lakes throughout this highland area. Some of the world's best mountain scenery is available within the 500-kilometer long chain of the Southern Alps.
3.那可多着呢。对那些喜爱大山者来说，南岛一定能取悦他们。南岛的最高峰库克山高3764米，另外还有16座超过3000米的山峰。自然而然地，许多国内外的登山家来到此地挑战南半球的阿尔卑斯山脉。此外，还有一个广大的冰河系统、无止尽的森林和数不尽的湖泊遍布在这个高原带。一些举世无双的山光水色可在这绵延的500公里长的南阿尔卑斯山脉之间欣赏到。
4.Perhaps you prefer the sea? South Island is not only an island,but many tiny islets can be found off its coastline. Great deep-sea fishing,scuba diving,and snorkeling can be had,though the waters here are cooler than those of North Island. (Remember,in the Southern Hemisphere,as we go north,it gets warmer.) As fewer people live on South Island than on North Island,those who crave solitude and pristine beaches will be amazed at their luck here. With almost no heavy
industry on South Island,the air,water,and land are all free of pollution. The local seafood is therefore clean,plentiful,and never-ending.
4.也许你比较喜欢海？南岛并不是一座岛屿，在它的外海还散布着众多的小岛屿，可以从事深海钓鱼、深海潜水和浮浅--虽然这里的水温比起北岛的水温要来的低。（记住，在南半球愈往北走海水愈温暖。）由于南岛的人口比北岛的少，喜爱独处和原始海滩的人在此将会对于他们有幸来到这里而感到惊异。南岛上几乎没有重工业，空气、水和土地全都未受污染。当地的海鲜因而干净、富饶而且取之不尽。 5.Do healthful climates interest you? South Island is the place to be. Its temperate climate sees little snow except in the highlands and mountainous areas. Like Ireland and England,there are no extremes of temperature,either. Summers are warm,not hot,and winters are brisk rather than freezing. The fresh air is sometimes humid from the abundant rainfall of this area. Every season invites the nature lover to get out and be active in the countryside.
5.你对健康的气候感兴趣吗？来南岛这个地方就对了。除了在高原和山区地带，这儿温和的气候很少降雪。就像爱尔兰和英格兰一样，气温也不严酷。夏天暖和不热，冬天则凉爽而不寒冷。清新的空气有时会因这地区丰沛的降雨而潮湿。这里一年四季都适合爱好大自然的人出门到乡间去活跃一番。
6.Of course,South Island is not for everyone. For those who need busy,crowded,noisy,and polluted cities,this Southern outpost will surely disappoint. For those who enjoy pressure and stress,South Island will leave them empty-handed. And for those who would rather stay at home or in an office in front of a computer screen or in the thumping,smoke-filled dance floors of discos,some of the world's best natural scenery will never entice them away. For the rest of us,though,South Island is the world's best-kept secret. If Nature's paradise sounds alluring,make a point of visiting South Island.
6.当然，并非每个人都回喜欢南岛。对那些需要繁忙、拥挤、嘈杂和受污染城市的人而言，南半球的这个边陲地区必定回让他们感到失望；对那些喜欢压力和紧张的人而言，南岛将使他们空手而返；而那些宁愿待在家里或办公室计算机屏幕前、或是窝在音乐震天响、烟雾弥漫的迪斯科舞池内的人而言，世界上最棒的一些自然景色永远也无法诱使他们离开。但是对我们其余的人而言，南岛是世界最棒的秘境。如果大自然中的天堂听起来让你觉得有吸引力，那么别忘了到南岛去玩一玩。
19. Net To Newspapers: Drop Dead 当报纸遭遇网络--死路一条
1.Newspapers are cockroaches . No matter what is introduced into the media ecosystem, the oldest of the Big Media survives. Despite decades of doomsayers, newspapers prospered through radio, through TV and cable, through video games, through the Internet.... Not so fast. Suddenly, even sober Wall Street analysts think something new is afoot.
1.报纸就像是蟑螂，生命力超强。无论传媒界的“生态系统”出现什么新的对手，这个传媒业老大哥总能安然度过。尽管十多年来，不断有人预言报纸会走向穷途末路，报纸还是顺利经受了广播、电视、电报、电视游戏和因特网的挑战和考验而继续蓬勃发展…..稍等，先别这么乐观。突然之间，事态似乎起了变化，甚至是华尔街冷静的分析家们也认为新情况在悄然发生。
2.What looms now \covered the industry since the 1980s. Consumers are shifting decisively to online information, says Fine, especially the young, and are no longer yoked to the local newspaper. \recently forecast that newspapers' profit margins are set to enter a long period of decline.
2. Lauren Rich Fine是美林证券的分析家，他从20世纪80年代就开始关注这个行业的发展，他说：“这次报纸受到了前所未有的威胁。” Lauren Rich Fine说，人们，尤其是年轻人，坚决地由报纸转向了网络信息，从而摆脱了报纸的束缚。“在消费者要做出与交易相关决定时，他们的眼球盯在哪里，广告就会跟到哪里。” Lauren Rich Fine最近预测，报纸的利润要陷入长期低迷。
3.The new and troubling reality for newspapers is that even if they excel as purveyors of information to appreciative audiences, they still face tough business terrain. \with citizen journalism4 and blogs,\
3.最新的残酷现实是，虽然报纸对于能欣赏他们的忠实读者来说，仍然是信息传播的强力媒介，但它们仍然面临着残酷的商业前景。Fine说：“报纸可以试着牵手网络，随着博客和平民新闻业的发展而获得成功。”但是这样的革新也“不会帮助报社减轻多少运营的成本压力。” 4.Newspaper execs are groping for some killer app6, but nothing has yet taken hold. Charging for online content works for The Wall Street Journal, where Web-only subscriptions cost $79-still far below the $215 print subscription-but no other brand-name newspaper dares to follow. The New York Times will charge Web users to read its columnists' prose later this year, but the Los
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