发布时间 : 星期五 文章动态性动词与静态性动词更新完毕开始阅读a7f3bc3b0912a21614792999
123）a．Rain was falling steadily． b．Rain was coming down steadily． （雨不停地下。）
124）a．Leaves were falling from the trees． b．Leaves were coming down from the trees． （树木在落叶。）
125）a．Prices are falling． b．Prices are coming down． （价格正在下跌。）
126）a．The ground temperature in the city was falling． b．The ground temperature in the city was coming down． c．The ground temperature in the city was dropping． （这个城市的地面温度在下降。） 127）a．He was descending the stairs． b．He was going／coming down the stairs． （他在下楼梯。）
128）a．The balloon was descending． b．The balloon was coming down． （气球在下降。）
129）a．The moon was setting in the west．
b．The moon was going down below the horizon． c．The moon was descending behind the hills． （月亮在落下去。）
130）a．The sun was sinking in the west． b．The sun was declining in the west． （太阳在西沉。）
131）a．Many passengers were getting off the train at this big station． b．Many passengers were descending from the train at this big station． （许多旅客都在这个大火车站下车。）
132）a．He was getting down from his horse． b．He was dismounting his horse． （他在下马。）
表示“开始”概念的动词是begin，例如： 133）I'm beginning to understand． （我开始明白过来。）
134）They were beginning to feel hungry． （他们开始感到饿起来。）
135）The water is beginning to boil． （水开始沸腾起来。）
136）The plaster was beginning to fall from the walls． （墙皮已开始逐渐剥落。） 137）It's beginning to rain． （天开始下起雨来。）
138）The days are beginning to shorten／lengthen．
（白天开始变短了／变长了。）
表示“停止”概念的动词有stop，make a stop，come to a stop等，例如： 139）a．The train was stopping at a station where it didn't usually stop． b．The train was making a stop at a station where it didn't usually stop． c．The train was coming to a stop at a station where it didn't usually stop． （这列火车在一个它通常不停车的站慢慢停下来。） （5）瞬时型动词：
瞬时型动词表示瞬时间发生，又随即结束的动作。由于这种动作是在一刹那间完成的，可以理解为没有延续。这类动词用在一般简单时态、表示瞬时完成的单一动作。如用在进行时态，则表示一个短暂动作的重复发生或连续进行。这一类动词有hit，jump，kick，knock，nod，tap，bang，wink，fire等，试比较：
140）a．He nodded（his head）to me as／when he passed in the street． b．He gave me a nod as／when he passed in the street． （他在街上走过时，对我点了一下头。） 141）a．He was nodding．
b．He nodded repeatedly／continuously． c．He gave one nod after another． （他不住地点头。）
这类动词用在进行时态，经常表示比喻意义，例如： 142）a．The flowers were nodding in the wind． b．The flowers were shaking in the wind． （花儿在风中摇曳。） 又如：
143）John hit the thief with a stone． （约翰用一块石头打那贼。）
144）a．John was hitting the thief with stones． b．John hit the thief continuously with stones． （约翰用石头接连地打那贼。）
145）a．He knocked his head against the wall when he fell． b．He got a knock on the head against the wall when he fell． （摔倒时，他的头撞在墙上。）
146）a．Someone was knocking on／at the door．
b．Someone knocked on／at the door repeatedly／continuously． （有人不停地在敲门。）
147）a．The boy kicked the ball． b．The boy gave a kick at the ball． （这男孩踢那个球。）
148）a．The boy was kicking the door．
b．The boy kicked the door repeatedly／continuously． （这个男孩子不住地踢门。） 149）He jumped up and down． （他跳上去又跳下来。）
150）a．He was jumping up and down．
b．He jumped up and down repeatedly／continuously． （他不住地跳上跳下。）
151）a．John tapped the man on the shoulder． b．John gave the man a tap on the shoulder． （约翰轻轻拍了一下这个人的肩膀。） 152）a．John was tapping on the window．
b．John tapped on the window repeatedly／continuously． （约翰不停地敲那窗子。）
153）The boy patted the dog with his hand． （这个男孩用手轻轻地拍一下这只狗。） 154）a．The child was patting a ball．
b．The child patted a ball repeatedly／continuously． （这个孩子在拍皮球。）
155）a．He banged the door shut． b．He shut the door with a bang． （他砰地关上了门。）
156）a．He banged the drum． b．He gave the drum a bang． （他砰地敲了一下鼓。）
157）a．The baby was banging on the dishpan with a tin-cup．
b．The baby repeatedly／continuously banged on the dishpan with a tin－cup． （这个婴孩用一只马口铁茶缸砰砰地敲那盘子。） 158）a．He was banging his fist on the table． b．He was banging on the table with his fist．
c．He banged his fist on the table repeatedly／continuously．
d．He banged on the table with his fist repeatedly／continuously． （他在用拳头砰砰地敲那桌子。）
159）a．Father winked at Dick as a sign for him to keep still． b．Father gave Dick a wink as a sign for him to keep still． c．Father tipped Dick the wink as a sign for him to keep still． （父亲对狄克挤了一下眼睛，暗示他要保持安静。） 160）a．A lighthouse was winking in the far distance．
b．A lighthouse winked in the far distance at very short intervals． （远处有座灯塔隔一会就闪一下亮光。） 161）a．He winked at me in a friendly way． b．He gave me a friendly wink． （他友好地对我眨了一下眼睛。） 162）a．He was winking his left eye． b．He repeatedly winked his left eye． （他左眼直眨巴。）
163）a．He fired（his gun）at the enemy． （他朝敌人开了一枪。）
164）a．He was firing（his gun）at the enemy．
b．He fired（his gun）at the enemy many times／repeatedly／continuously．
（他向敌人连续开枪。）
第二章 始动性动词（ Inchoative Verb）
始动性动词是与其相应的延续性动词（Continuative Verb）相互依赖、相互比较而存在的。下面详细论述这两类动词的特点：
（1）始动性动词表示由一种状态向另一种状态过渡的动作，常用的动词有get，become，grow，come ，go， turn，wear，run，fall等。延续性动词则表示该动作保持处同一不变的状态，常用的动词有keep，remain， stay等。
我们先以一天的起居为例加以说明。一个人每天通常要经历get up→be／stay up→go to bed→be／stay in bed→四个循环状态，其中 get up和 go to bed是始动性动词， be／stay up和 be／stay in bed是延续性动词，例如：
1）a．On Sundays he doesn't get up till／until lunch time． b． On Sundays he stays in bed till／until lunch time． （星期天他到吃午饭时才起床。）
2） a． She stayed up till／until midnight． b． She didn't go to bed till／until midnight． （她一直到半夜才上床睡觉。）
再以睡觉过程为例，要经历fall asleep／go to sleep →be／remain asleep→wake up→be／remain／stay awake 四个阶段，其中 fall asleep／go to sleep和 wake up是始动性动词，而be／remain asleep和be／remain／stay awake是延续性动词，例如： 3） a． I shan't go to sleep all night if I have any coffee． b．I shall stay awake all night if I have any coffee． （如果我喝了咖啡，我就一夜睡不着。） 4） a． John woke up．
b．John didn't remain asleep． （约翰醒了。／约翰不睡了。） 5） a． John fell asleep． b．John didn't remain awake．
（约翰睡着了。／约翰不再是醒着。） 6） a． John didn't wake up． b． John remained asleep． （约翰没醒。／约翰还在睡。） 7） a． John didn't fall asleep． b． John remained awake．
（约翰没睡着。／约翰还醒着。） 从上面例子可以看出，始动性动词表明前一个延续状态的结束和下一个延续状态的开始，而延续性动词则表明保持一种状态，而不开始下一个始动状态。 （2）两类动词具有相互否定的逻辑关系，试以“去”、“留”两个动词为例： a． stay＝ not leave／not go away b．leave＝no longer stay 例如： 8） a．John didn't stay in． b． John went out．
（约翰没呆在家里。／约翰出去了。）
9） a． The boy didn't go to school yesterday． b．The boy stayed at home yesterday． （昨天这个孩子没上学。／呆在家里。）