发布时间 : 星期六 文章英语国家概况复习笔记 The UK更新完毕开始阅读7a3474c143323968001c92b6
over the English Church and declared himself Supreme head of the Church in England by the Act of Supremacy (passed by the Parliament in 1534). The Renaissance
? It was under the Tudors that the Renaissance[?ren?sɑ:ns]文艺复兴 spread into England.
? It was a cultural movement by progressive thinkers who represented the interests of the rising bourgeoisie[?b?r?wɑ:?zi:]资产阶级 and worked for freedom and enlightenment. They were called “humanists.”
Representatives
? Sir Thomas More & Utopia ? William Shakespeare[?w?lj?m ??eksp?r]威廉莎士比亚
The persecution of Puritans[?pj?r?t?n]纯粹主义者: The Puritans represented the interests of the new Bourgeoisie were persecuted by the King.
? 2) The Process
? (1) The First Civil War (1642-1646): At the beginning of the Civil War, two camps were
formed:
the king’s men were feudal lords, mainly members of the Church who were called Cavaliers with Oxford as the base.
The supporters of Parliament were the bourgeoisie资产阶级, the new aristocrats, craftsmen and workers and peasants, mostly members of Free churches, who were called Roundheads.
Later after Oliver Cromwell reorganized the parliamentary forces, the King was badly defeated at Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). In the next year the King surrendered[s??r?nd?]投降 to his enemies. The first Civil War ended on Jun 24, 1646.
? (2) The Second Civil War (1648): The army, under the leadership of Cromwell, defeated the revolt of the king in a few months. The King was recaptured[ri?k?pt??] 重新捕获 and was executed[??ks??kjut]完成; in 1649. England then called itself a Commonwealth. ? (3) The Commonwealth (1649-1660)
? (4) The Restoration and the “Glorious Revolution”
Cromwell died in1658. The bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats compromised with the rightists (Presbyterians) and invited Charles Ⅱ to come back from Holland to the throne on May 29th, 1660. This incident[ ??ns?d?nt]事件 came to be known as the Restoration of the Stuart.
The expansion of the king’s (Charles Ⅱ and James Ⅱ) power clashed with the interests of the bourgeoisie and in 1688 the two parties of the bourgeoisie united and staged a bloodless coup d’etat and put William of Orange on the throne and formed an alliance[??la??ns]结盟 with the landowners. This came to be known as the Glorious Revolution. 3) The Historic significance and shortcomings
The English Bourgeois Revolution swept away the obstacles[?ɑ:bst?kl]障碍 of feudalism and paved the way for the development of capitalism in England in the next two centuries. It influenced the French and American revolution in the 18th century. It marked the beginning of a new era, the era of capitalism. Since then Constitutional monarchy has become the
system of government in England.
However, as the leadership was in the hands of the bourgeoisie, the revolution was not made in the interests of the peasants and people in the same class. They were deprived of the fruits of victory. The revolution was the replacement[r??plesm?nt]代替 of one exploiting class by aonther.
8. The Industrial Revolution & the Chartist Movement
? The Industrial Revolution, a revolution in both the method of production and the
relations of production, was one of the direct results of the primitive[?pr?m?t?v]原始的 accumulation of capital and the rapid development of capitalism in Britain after the Bourgeois Revolution.
? It began with the introduction of machinery in the textile[?t?ks?ta?l, -t?l]纺织业
industry in the 1760s and lasted until the 1840s when machinery was widely used in practically every field of major industries. ? 1) Background of the Industrial Revolution (1) Enclosure continued .(P.21)
Small peasants were deprived[d??pra?vd]夺去 of their land. The peasants became either farmhand workers working on modern capitalist farms or “ a reserve[r??z?:rv]储备 army of wage[wed?]工资 earners” in towns or cities. The appearance of labor reserve and an expansion of labor market were essential[??s?n??l]必要的 conditions for the Industrial Revolution.
(2) It won a huge market, domestically[d?'mest?kl?]家庭式地 and internationally. After the glorious[?ɡl?ri?s,?ɡlor-]辉煌的 revolution, commerce and industry were prosperous within Britain. In the 17th and 18th centuries, England fought a series of wars against France and won the supremacy. In the Seven Year’s War (1756-1763), Britain won Canada from the French and destroyed French power in India, became the strongest sea power and the world’s leading colonial[k??lo?ni?l]殖民地的 power.
(3)The colonial exploitation constituted another great source of wealth. From the colonies in America and India the English bourgeoisie plundered掠夺 enormous wealth for developing its industries.
(4) The British foreign trade and slave trade constituted a great source of wealth.
The wool trade continued to enjoy its prosperity and the slave trade increased. Negro labor was in great demand in sugar and tobacco plantations in South America. ? 2) The Process of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution first began in the textile[?t?ks?ta?l, -t?l]纺织业 industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.
(1) James Hargreaves, a carpenter[?kɑ:rp?nt?(r)]木工 made the first invention. In 1765 He designed “Spinning Jenny” instead of original spinning wheel.
(2) Richard Arkwright, a barber[?bɑ:rb?(r)]理发师, invented a spinning machine run by waterpower in 1769. The great increase in the production of spinning would inevitably promote the demand of a fast weaving speed.
(3) Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom in 1785, which greatly increased the
speed of weaving.
(4) The most important was the invention of the steam engine in 1769 and its improvement by James Watt in 1784. The steam engine was soon applied to coal mining, textile, iron and steel and machine industries.
(5) The expansion of the market and the growth of world trade also called forth new means of transportation. In 1819 the first steamboat crossed the Atlantic and in 1825 the first locomotive railway was built between Liverpool and Manchester. ? 3) The Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
(1) The industrial bourgeoisie gained supremacy in the 1840s not only in the economic but also in the political life of the country.
(2) Productivity was greatly increased. England became the most advanced industrial country in the world and its financial center.
(3) As a result of the growth of industry, population was more and more concentrated in towns and cities. Many new cites sprang up.
(4) The rapid growth of capitalism caused miseries and disasters among the working people. As a result of the introduction and use of machinery, unskilled workers, mostly women and children, displaced handicraftsmen手工业者 and skilled workers. Working and living condition were horrible for the workers. As the capitalists intensified their exploitation of the working class, the later took action against the bourgeois[?b?r??wɑ:]资产阶级的 government.
9. The Chartist Movement宪章运动----A Labor Movement
? Chartist Movement was named after the People’s Charter, a bill demanded equal
electoral districts, abolition of the property qualifications for MPs, universal manhood suffrage, annual Parliament, vote by ballot[?b?l?t]投票, and the payment of MPs.
? Born amid an economic depression, the movement rose to national importance under
the leadership of O’Connor. Parliament[?pɑ:rl?m?nt]议会 refused to take action on three Chartist petitions presented to it, and the movement declined after 1848. ? The Chartist Movement ----significance
Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, political formal, proletarian（无产阶级的） revolutionary movement.” (Lenin) Beginning with Chartism, the English working class entered the period of conducting independent political movements against the bourgeoisie. And it was the Chartists that compelled the ruling class to make substantial concessions(妥协). In 1846 the Corn Laws were repealed. In 1847 the Ten-Hour Act was enacted, whereby young persons and females were prohibited to work in any factory longer than ten hours a day.
10. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire P.22-25
1.)The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583, the first British colony[?kɑ:l?ni]殖民地 overseas.
The Empire embraced about one fourth of the world population, and its covered nearly one fourth of the world land area. It was “an empire on which the sun never sets”. ? In China, in 1840 the British colonists launched[l?nt?, lɑnt?]发动 an aggressive war
against China and forced the Qing government to conclude the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. (Hongkong was ceded[sid]割让 to Britain as colony and five ports were opened)
? From 1856 to 1860 Britain and France jointly waged a war of aggression against China,
and concluded the Treaty of Tientsin and the Treaty of Peking.
? In 1900, Britain allied with seven imperialist powers, invaded China in an attempt to
dominate over China further.
? By 1900 British had been transformed from capitalism into imperialism[?m?p?ri?l?z?m]帝
国主义. Features of imperialism: (1) the foreign territorial expansion; (2) the export of capital, which was linked with territorial expansion both as cause and effect; (3) monopoly
2.) Britain in World War Ⅰ and Post-War Period(1) Two imperialist blocs集团:
? Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungry and Italy ? Triple Entente三国协约: Britain, France and Russia Result: The war ended in 1918.
? (1) Britain lost her sea supremacy[s??pr?m?si]霸权; ? (2) Britain had a heavy debt;
? (3)Business was slack, many factories were closed down and taxes were unbelievably
heavy.
3.) Britain in World War Ⅱ
? Britain’s foreign policy in the years between the two world wars was characterized by its
hostility toward the young Soviet and the policy of non-intervention and appeasement toward Fascist aggression.
? Under Neville Chamberlain, Britain made concessions to Hitler and the Munich
Agreement was signed.
4. The fall of the British Empire
? World War Ⅱ changed the fate of the British Empire. (In 1931 Australia, Canada and
New Zealand became independent countries.)
? After the Second World War, a Wave of national liberation and a movement of national
independence swept over Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the 1960s, the British Empire had completely disintegrated破裂.
11. Sino-British Relations
? Britain recognized China in 1950. The two countries established diplomatic[?d?pl??m?t?k]
外交上的 relations at the rank of the Charge d’affaires代理大使 in 1954, and at the ambassadorial rank大使层面 in 1972. In 1997, Britain returned Hongkong to China.
Unit 5. Education (PP.53-58)
Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. Four stages of education