发布时间 : 星期日 文章英语国家概况复习笔记 The UK更新完毕开始阅读7a3474c143323968001c92b6
oil (Shell壳牌, British Petroleum and British Gas)
? 2) Secondary Industries:P.47
? 3) Tertiary Industries: 65% of national wealth
1. (P.50)Foreign Trade ---- Lifeline. Britain is both an importer and exporter in the world. 2. Finance
The position of London in the world economy
Central Bank----Bank of England The Big Four: Lloyds劳埃德, Barclays巴克莱银行, Midland 米德兰， the National Westminster Bank Group国民西敏寺银行
3. Currency：Pound Sterling [paund ?st?:li?] 英镑
Unit 3 Political System
1. Political System: Constitutional Monarchy[ ?k?nst??tu:??n?l ?m?n?ki ] 君主立宪制
[ d?u?d???ri ] 议会（最高立法机关）、立法 政府、行政部门 司法机关
What does it mean by Constitutional Monarchy?
? The King or Queen reigns[re?n]君主统治and is the head of the country, but dose not
rule the country. The country is governed, in the name the Sovereign [ ?s?vr?n ] 君主, but by His or Her Majesty’s [ ?m?d??sti ]陛下government---- a body of ministers who are responsible to Parliament[ ?pɑ:l?m?nt ]议会.
2. Parliament
君主 上议院 下议院
Parliament:
? The UK is a unitary [ ?ju:n?tri ]中央集权country. ? The British Parliament is often referred to as
supreme legislative authority（最高立法机关） of the UK.
? The Main functions are making laws and supervising（监督）government and finance. ? The life of Parliament is fixed at five years.
Sovereign: Theoretically[ ?θ??'ret?kl? ]理论上, the Queen has all the power. In reality, she does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister. The significance of the Queen? P.32
It represents the continuity and adaptability of the whole political system and is a symbol of British unity, an indissoluble [ ??nd??s?lj?bl ] (牢不可破的) bond among people who retain many regional and cultural difference.( 它代表了整个政治体系的连续性和适应性，是英国团结的象征，人们保留了许多地区和文化差异的不解之缘。) The House of Lords
President: The Lord Chancellor
1). The members of the House of Lords.P.33 2) The power of the House of Lords: P.33
? a revising chamber(议事厅) for legislation（修正立法议事厅） ? the highest court of appeal（最高上诉法院）
? introducing bills（引入法案）, except for those dealing with financial matters.
The House of Commons
Chairman: Mr. Speaker ---- impartial（公正）in debates
1) The members---- The MPs（下院议员）are elected every 5 years 2) The functions of the House
? 1. Legislation: create, abolish or amend laws.
? 2. Pass bills（通过法案）proposed by government.
? 3.Supervise（监管）the government and finance: vote the taxation and expenditures[?
ks'pend?t??z] of government（表决政府的税收和支出）, examine government policies and administration, and debate major political issues. （检查政府政策和行政管理，以及重大政治问题的争论）
3. The Executive: The central government
The UK government, officially known as His (or Her) Majesty’s Government, is centered on Whitehall in London(位于伦敦白厅). It includes: 1) Prime Minister; 2) The Cabinet(内阁) [?k?b?n?t];
3) Privy[?pr?vi:] Council（枢密院）; 4) Departments（部门）; 5) Civil Service（政府文职机构）
Prime Minister ---- the really powerful leader of the UK Status
? The head of the government oversees the operation of the Civil Service and government
departments.
? The leader of the party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons. ? He appoints members of the Cabinet and control it.
? He recommends a number of appointments(任命) to the Queen. （他向女王推荐了一些任命）
? Prime Minister is appointed by the monarch. The Cabinet
? The Prime Minister appoints up to 20 ministers to sit in the Cabinet. Members of the
Cabinet are usually members of his own party in the House of Commons. They are also ministers of government department.
? The Cabinet is the committee at the centre of the British political system and is the
supreme decision-making body in government. (政府最高决策机构) ? The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week.
3. The Judiciary
? “No written constitution.” Why? P.30
Because it is not summarized into one single document as “the British Constitution”. ? The Constitution is made up of Statutes[s't?t?u:ts](法规), Acts of Parliament（议会）and
common law.
? No Ministry of Justice（司法部）. ? Court system in England:
①Lowest level: the magistrates’[?m?d??stre?t] courts（地方法庭）and county courts （治安法庭和郡法院）
②Highest level: The House of Lards
? Jury: A jury is made up of 12 citizens(陪审团由12名公民组成). Every citizen who should
be open-minded and impartial to the court case at hand.(每个公民都应该对法院的案件进行公正的和公正的诉讼。) A jury’s job is to decide whether or not the accused (被告)they defended a guilty or not a guilty(陪审团)
If the jury finds the accused guilty(有罪), then it is for the judge to announce sentence. ? No death penalty[?pen?lti]（无死刑）since1969.
? The Police: The Metropolitan Police(都市警察)：whose zone of operation covers Greater
London, is under the direct responsibility of the Home Secretary（内政大臣）. ? Scotland Yard（伦敦警察厅）：(officially New Scotland Yard ) the Criminal Investigation
Department (英国刑事调查局)(CID), where its offices are situated close to Whitehall and the House of Parliament in London(白厅和伦敦的英国国会大厦).
4. Party Politics
Three main political parties of Britain:
①The Conservative Party (Its Characteristics P.36)
It favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditure on social welfare.Its policies are characterized by pragmatism[?pr?gm?t?z?m]（实用主义）and a belief in individualism.这有利于减少工会的影响，最大限度地减少对社会福利的支出，其政策具有实用主义和个人主义的信念。
②The Labor Party(Its Characteristics P.37)
1.believe in an egalitarian(平等主义) economy 2.public services
3.nationalize a wide range of industries
It became known as a party of high taxation. The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.(它被称为一个高税收的政党。党的活动主要是由工会资助的。)
③The Liberal Democracy[d??m?kr?si](自由民主党)
5. General Election(大选)
? How long is it held? Every 5 years. ? For what purpose?
To elect a member of the House of Commons..
? Process of General election---Direct Election (P.38)
? Result: The party which has a largest number of seat will win the election. The leader of
this party will be the Prime Minister.
The party which wins over half of the constituencies[k?n?st?tju?nsi]选区的全体选民is the majority in the House of Commons, subsequently forming the new government.
6. The British Commonwealth(联邦) of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth is an intergovernmental organization of fifty-four independent member states.(英联邦，通常称为英联邦是一个政府间组织的五十四个独立的成员国。) Queen Elizabeth II, is the current head of the Commonwealth.
All but two (Mozambique and Rwanda) of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.（这些国家的所有，但（莫桑比克和卢旺达）以前是大英帝国的一部分。）
The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organization through which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status.
（英联邦不是一个政治联盟，而是一个具有不同社会、政治和经济背景的政府间组织，被认为是平等的地位。）
Unit 2 History
1. Earliest Settlers
1) The Iberians [ la?'b??r??n ] 利比里亚人: They were nomadic [ n??'m?d?k ]（游牧的） Stone Age hunters. Their social system was a tribal[?tra?b?l]部落的 society. The only Relic left by them was Stonehenge [?sto?n?hend?]史前巨石柱
2) The Celts凯尔特人: Two big waves of Celtic[?k?lt?k, ?s?l-]凯尔特人的 invasion[?n?ve??n]侵袭: ①the Gaels['ɡ?lz]少女, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C. ②the Britons英国人, still found in Wales, came over before 300 B.C. From the Britons came the English name for Britain.