发布时间 : 星期日 文章杜鲁门的大陆架公告更新完毕开始阅读7859990103d8ce2f006623d1
WHEREAS such fishery resources have a special importance to coastal communities as a source of livelihood and to the nation as a food and industrial resource; and
WHEREAS the progressive development of new methods and techniques contributes to intensified fishing over wide sea areas and in certain cases seriously threatens fisheries with depletion, and
WHEREAS there is an urgent need to protect coastal fishery resources from destructive exploitation, having due regard to conditions peculiar to each region and situation and to the special rights and equities of the coastal State and of any other State which may have established a legitimate interest therein;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, HARRY S. TRUMAN, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the following policy of the United States of America with respect to coastal fisheries in certain areas of the high seas:
In view of the pressing need for conservation and protection of fishery re sources, the Government of the United States regards it as proper to establish conservation zones in those areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States wherein fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed and maintained on a substantial scale. Where such activities have been or shall hereafter be developed and maintained by its nationals alone the United States regards it as proper to establish explicitly bounded conservation zones in which fishing activities shall be subject to the regulation and control of the United States. Where such activities have been or shall hereafter be legitimately developed and maintained jointly by nationals of the United States and nationals of other States, explicitly bounded conservation zones may be established under agreements between the United States and such other States; and all fishing activities in such zones shall be subject to regulation and control as provided in such agreements. The right of any State to establish conservation zones off its shores in accordance with the above principles is conceded, provided that corresponding recognition is given to any fishing interests of nationals of the United States which may exist in such areas. The character as high seas of the areas in which such conservation zones are established and the right to their free and unimpeded navigation are in no way thus affected.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed.
DONE at the City of Washington this twenty-eighth day of September, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and forty-five, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and seventieth. [SEAL]
HARRY S. TRUMAN
By the President: DEAN ACHESON
Acting Secretary of State
EXECUTIVE ORDER
Reserving and Placing Certain Resources of the Continental Shelf Under
the Control and Jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me as President of the United States, it is ordered that the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States declared this day by proclamation to appertain to the United States and to be subject to its jurisdiction and control, be and they are hereby reserved, set aside, and placed under the jurisdiction and control of the Secretary of the Interior for
administrative purposes, pending the enactment of legislation in regard thereto. Neither this Order nor the aforesaid proclamation shall be deemed to affect the determination by legislation or judicial decree of any issues between the United States and the several states, relating to the ownership or control of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf within or outside of the three-mile limit. HARRY S. TRUMAN THE WHITE HOUSE, September 28, 1945
EXECUTIVE ORDER
Providing for the Establishment of Fishery Conservation Zones By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered that the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Interior shall from time to time jointly recommend the establishment by Executive orders of fishery conservation zones in areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States, pursuant to the proclamation entitled \
Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas,\this day signed by me, and said Secretaries shall in each case recommend provisions to be incorporated in such orders relating to the administration,
regulation and control of the fishery resources of and fishing activities in such zones, pursuant to authority of law heretofore or hereafter provided.
HARRY S. TRUMAN THE WHITE HOUSE, September 28, 1945
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Claims by legislation to the adjacent continental shelf and fishing was first made by the United States government immediately following the Second World War. On September 28, 1945, US President Harry S. Truman issued two proclamations that established government control of natural resources in areas adjacent to the coastline. One of these proclamation was titled \Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf\stipulated in its operative clause:
the Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United
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States, subject to its jurisdiction and control.
The second proclamation was titled \Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas\and stated in its operative clause:
the Government of the United States regards it as proper to establish conservation zones in those areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States wherein fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed and maintained on a substantial scale.[6]
1945年9月，美国总统杜鲁门发表公告，即《杜鲁门公告》，又称《大陆架公告》，主张美国 对邻接其海岸公海下大陆架地底和海床的天然资源拥有管辖权和控制权。公告发布后，曾引起了一场蓝色“圈地运动”。许多沿海国，特别是拉美国家纷纷提出对大 陆架的主张，导致了第一次联合国海洋法会议和1958
年《大陆架公约》的产生，而后一直影响到第三次联合国海洋法会议和1982年《联合国海洋法公约》关 于专属经济区和大陆架的制度。1966年7月，当时的美国总统约翰逊签署了经国会批准的《海洋资源和工程开发法令》，宣布了美国的海洋政策。根据该法令， 由麻省理工学院名誉院长、福特科学基金会会长斯特拉特顿任主席，组织了一个15人的总统海洋科学、工程和资源委员会，对联邦政府机构、海洋在国家安全中的 作用、油气及其他海洋资源对经济的贡献、保护海洋环境和资源的重要性，以及促进美国海洋渔业的必要性等一系列海洋问题进行了调研和审议。1969年委员会 提出了包含126条建议的报告《我国与海洋》，即有名的“斯特拉特顿报告”。该报告的产生，促使美国提出和实施了保护和开发海洋的许多计划，使得它在世界 海洋领域一直处于领先地位。 20世纪60年代，美国率先提出“海岸带”的概念，随后又提出了“海洋和海岸带综合管 理”的概念，并于1972年颁布了《海岸带管理法》。海洋和海岸带综合管理的概念的提出，使得许多沿海国家纷纷效仿，在世界范围内掀起了海洋和沿海地区管 理的变革。1992年，在世界环境和发展大会上，海洋和沿岸综合管理的理念为国际社会所接受，并写入了21世纪议程。
美国现行的海洋政策制定于1969年。30多年来，美国的海洋形势发生了巨大的变化。美 国有1.41亿人口生活在沿海岸50英里宽的范围内，其中近30多年来新增加了3700万人口、1900万个家庭以及无数的行业。海洋运输和滨海旅游娱乐 业已经成为美国国民经济发展的两大驱动力。2000年，美国海洋产业对美国经济的直接贡献为1170亿美元，创造的就业机会有200多万个。美国沿海地区 每年经济总产值超过1万亿美元，占国内生产总值的十分之一。如果再把沿海流域各县考虑进去的话，沿海地区每年对国家的贡献达到4.5万亿美元，占全国国内 生产总值的二分之一，提供了大约6000万份工作。随着海洋经济和沿海地区蓬勃发展，人类活动给美国海洋和沿岸生态环境等造成的负面影响越来越严重，海洋 和沿岸污染加剧，水质下降，湿地减少、鱼类资源遭到过度捕捞。这使得美国政府不得不重新考虑美国的海洋政策。1998年联合国举办了“’98国际海洋 年”，以引起世界各国对保护海洋和海洋环境以及持续利用和开发海洋资源的重视。美国总统克林顿专门为海洋年发表总统宣言。在宣言中，他呼吁