发布时间 : 星期三 文章初中英语语法梳理和提高更新完毕开始阅读77f3904bf6ec4afe04a1b0717fd5360cba1a8d6e
初中英语语法梳理和提高
名 词
表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
一、名词的分类
类 别 意 义 表示具体的人名、事物、国家、 名 词 普通名词 专有名词 地名、机构、团体等的专有名称 可 个体数 名词 名 集合 词 名词 不 物质可 名词 数 名 词 抽象名词 表示单个人的人或事物 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 表示无法分为个体的物质 例 词 Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country people, police, team, clothes, group, crew water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care 表示抽象概念的词 注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词―the‖，但它不大写。
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒， work--- a work 工厂，著作 ，glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯， room空间---a room一个房间 二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。
1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 ―a或an‖；复数形式是在名词后加 ―-s或-es‖。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：
当名词为： 词尾变化 读 音 在清辅音后一般情况 加s 读/s/ 在浊辅音或元音后读/z/ 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词 以字母o结尾的单词 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 以f 或fe结尾的单词 以th结尾的词
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice
加es /iz/ 例 词 chips, jeeps, pats , clocks boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers watches, boxes, classes, brushes zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, dictionaries, strawberries, 加s或es 去y 变i加es 去f或fe 变v 加 es 加s /z/ /z/ /vz/ leaves, wives, halves /ez/; /θz/ mouths, paths; months, deaths
②单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,… ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers
注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news
3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物，
time 时间 --- times 时代，green 绿色 ---greens 青菜 (2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物
eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦 (3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示
eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
三、名词的所有格
名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+‘s；另一种是用of, 表示 ―……的‖。 1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +‘s。 eg. Mr. Mott‘s robot, children‘s clothes (2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 +‘ eg. teachers‘ books
(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+‘s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面 +‘s。 eg. Lucy and Lily‘s room. (指两人共住一个房间) Mrs Green‘s and Mrs Brown‘s son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg. the doctor‘s (office) Mr. White‘s
2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom， (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man
(4) 双重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Tom‘s
(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加‘s来构成所有格。
eg. ten minutes‘ walk, today‘s newspaper
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. They got much _____ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories
解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C. 2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges
解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。
3. Every evening M r. King takes a _________ to his home . A. 25 minutes‘ walk B. 25 minute‘s walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk
解析: 句中的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+‘,而不能+s,因此选A。 4. An old _______ wants to see you.
A. people B. person C. the people D. the person
解析: person 与people 都有‖人‖ 的意思, 但用法不同. ―一个人‖用 ―a person‖,
―两个人‖ 用 ―two persons‖; people 泛指 ―人们‖是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 ―人民‖, a people 指 ―一个民族‖. 应选B。
5. Help yourself to __________.
A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples
解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。
6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.
A. room‘s number B. rooms‘ number C. room numbers D. rooms‘ numbers
解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选C。
7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________. A. family B. house C. home D. room
解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C. 8. ________ mothers couldn‘t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peter‘s B. Mary and Peter C. Mary‘s and Peter D. Mary‘s and Peter‘s
解析: 此句中 ―mothers‖是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。 9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.
A. her uncle B. her uncle‘s C. her uncles D. aunt‘s
解析: 此句意为 ―李雷这个去她舅舅家多次‖. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词. 因此选B。
10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn‘t ________ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience
解析: experience 作 ―经验‖ 讲时是不可数名词, 作 ―经历‖讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 ―经验‖,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。 11. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.
A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sister‘s 解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。
12. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen
解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A. 13.The team ________ having a meeting .
A. is B. are C. am D. be
解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。
14. ―Would you like _________?‖ ―________, please.‖
A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees
解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用…of来表示数量, eg, three cups of coffee,
当前面加a 时,则表示 ―一杯‖．因此选C。
15. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions 解析：earth 是不可数名词，因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选A。
练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！
选择最佳答案：
1． Last night, there was a food accident. The _______ were ill, but no _______ were lost.
A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life 2. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young. ---OK, how happy they both looked!
A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's C. my mother's and father's D.my father's and my mother 3. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.
A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class
4. Today is September 10th. It's __________ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's 5. The market isn't far from here. It's only _________ bicycle ride.
A.half an hours' B. half an hour's C. half an hour D. an hour and a half 6. --- What would you like to drink, girls? --- _________, please.
A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees
7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _________. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 8. Some _________ are flying kites near the river.
A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs 9. After the exam, we'll have________ holiday.
A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks' D. two week's 10. They are those _________ bags.Please put them on the bus.
A. visitor B. visitors C. visitor's D. visitors' 11.--- How many workers are there in your factory? --- There are two ___________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of 12. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? --- It sounds really wonderful.
A. subject B. music C. book D. animal 13. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the fridge. A. place B. room C. field D. ground 14. _________ comes from sheep and some people like eating it
A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk 15. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.
A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise