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11. We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.
结构分析:句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction?。that引导宾语从句。此宾语从句中套嵌一个由which引导的定语从句修饰先行词forces of attraction; so that the attraction between molecules?是so that结构引导的结果状语从句;在此状语从句中，除主干结构the attraction?was very small but became considerable?，又有that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart做定语从句修饰先行词molecules和when the molecules approached more closely做状语从句，修饰?but became considerable。considerable译为“相当大（或多的）”。
译文：我们曾经假定，分子之间存在着引力，这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的变化，因而，在间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近时，这种引力会变得相当大。
12. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.
结构分析:句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development?。其后紧跟着一个which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词sustainable development。此定语从句的谓语动词means又套嵌一个that引导的宾语从句，即we must?leave enough environmental space。此宾语从句中又有so that结构做此从句的目的状语。be enshrined in意为“被深深地珍藏（或铭记）在?”，此处转译为主动语态“纳入到”。sustainable development译为“可持续发展”。
译文：这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指:为了子孙后代的利益，我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间，以满足他们的需要，施展抱负。
13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.
结构分析:句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means?,since?。since引导的原因状语从句修饰主句;关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰the means to represent movement in time and space; property在此处应译为“性质,特性”,不译为“财产,资产”。 译文：绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法，而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。绘画时只要求在某一时刻，从空间的一点来欣赏，而雕塑和建筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏，这样就表现出了空间，时间的变化。 14. Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.
结构分析:句子的框架是these women have?given voice?to what they know from experience that?。that从句做experience的同位语从句;此从句中又套嵌一个unless引导的条件状语从句;Once intimidated by arguments是过去分词做状语修饰these women，其施动者arguments又有两个that引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。intimidated by arguments意为“被论点搞得惊慌害怕”;feel at home不能直译为“感到在家”，而译为“感到自在”;give voice to意为“表达，表露”;land jobs译为“找到工作”。 译文：有人说，孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在，而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。这几位母亲曾被这一论点搞得惶恐不安，现在发表了最响亮，最有说服力的意见。从她们自身的经验中，他们深知:如果孩子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言，除了那些最简单的体力活儿外，根本谈不上上大学，也谈不上找到理想的工作。
15. The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.
结构分析:句子的框架是The presumption is that all these cells?contain genetic instructions?and can do so?。其中介词on加which引导定语从句修饰主语the presumption; that从句为表语从句;此表语从句中contain和can do并列做all these cells的谓语;表语从句中又插入一个though引导的省略了主语all these cells的让步状语从句，补充完整为though these cells are now specialized; needed to make an entire individual为过去分词短语做genetic instructions的后置定语;并列谓语can do so又有if条件句修饰。rest on意为“依赖”。为避免重复do so代替前文提到的make an entire individual。
译文：人类克隆赖以存在的假定是:虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化，但却仍然包含有发育为完整个体所需的与母体完全一致的全部遗传指令;如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢复作用，这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。 （编辑：赵露）
(李国锋，北大经济学硕士。原北京新东方学校国内考试部优秀教师，现任济南新东方学校国内考试部主管兼教学教研部主管。曾师从钟道隆教授研习逆向英语，在两个月内从四级及格水平猛增至92分，并以托福、GRE绝对高分被世界名校YALE录取。主张在备考中掌握方法、培养兴趣、提高实力、增强信心、铸造辉煌。MOTTO: Doing hard things is what makes people better.)
16. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.
结构分析：句子的框架是a regularity?will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity?。介词for加关系代词which引导定语从句修饰a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定语从句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修饰。grounds意为“根据，理由”;subsume意为“把?归入，纳入”。 译文：因此，与一条不能被归入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比，一条具有普遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。
17. It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is
important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.
结构分析:句子的框架是It is because of?that?，but it is important to realize that?。but连接两个并列句，but前的并列分句为It is?that?强调结构，强调because of引导的状语。but后的并列分句又有that引导的宾语从句做realize的宾语。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man（工具与人类的密切联系）分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分别做其前面名词animal和the creature的后置定语。man根据上下文在此处指“人类”，而不是“男人”;not necessarily译为“不一定、未必”;on its own意为“独立地，凭自己力量”，在此转译为“就其自身而言”。
译文： 正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切，人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物。但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言，并不表明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。
18. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.
结构分析:句子的框架是The point?is?when?and when?。两个when引导的从句为并列的表语从句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance为定语从句修饰主语the point;第二个when引导的表语从句中也有that引导的定语从句修饰a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects译为“操纵物体的能力”;?a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble为双重否定可译成肯定句。
译文：当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题时，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。
19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.
结构分析:句子的框架是It was the desire?that brought about a wave?。it is?that?是强调句型，强调主语the desire to be scholarly。关系代词which引导定语从句,修饰Latin terms;关系副词when引导定语从句,修饰century。句中scholarly做“博学多才”讲;humanist movement译为“人文主义运动”;impetus意为“动力,促进”。
译文：在16世纪的时候，人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动，人们都想显示自己的博学多才，从而出现了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。