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发布时间 : 星期三 文章论英语语法中的主谓一致问题更新完毕开始阅读5065e726abea998fcc22bcd126fff705cc175cec

英语语法中“主谓一致”问题浅析

杨芙蓉 马瑞香

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(沈阳大学外国语学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110041)

摘 要:英语语法中的主谓一致问题是语法教学的重点,各级各类英语考试的考点,也是困扰英语学习者的难点。文章着重分析了以-s结尾名词作主语、集合名词作主语、并列结构作主语、数量词作主语和分句作主语等情况下的主谓一致问题,总结了一些规律,以期为英语学习者和教学工作者提供参考和帮助。 关键词:英语语法;主谓一致;语法一致原则;意义一致原则;就近原则 中图分类号: 文献标识码:A

On Subject-verb Concord in English Grammar

YANG Furong MA Ruixiang

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( School of Foreign Languages, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110041, China)

Abstract:Subject-verb concord is the key point in the teaching of English grammar; It is also the checking point of all kinds of tests and the difficult point which baffles English learners for long. The following article will focus on analyzing the cases when nouns ending s’, collective nouns, coordinate structure, quantitative nouns and clauses are used as subjects in sentences, and thus summarize some feasible rules for English learners and researchers to refer to. Key words:English grammar; subject-verb concord; grammatical concord; notional concord; proximity

所谓主谓一致(subject verb concord)是指句子的主语和谓语之间在人称和数方面的一致或统一关系;主谓一致问题不但是英语学习者必须掌握的一条重要语法规则,而且是各种级别的考试中常考的语法要点,有些主谓一致规律比较易于掌握,而另一些则难于把握和运用,因此,基于多年的英语语法教学经验,本人对主谓一致问题加以梳理和总结。

支配主谓一致的原则有三:“语法一致原则(grammatical concord)、意义一致原则 (notional concord)和就近原则(principle of proximity)”

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形式,则谓语动词采用复数形式;意义一致原则是指主语和谓语之间的一致关系不单纯由语法形式上的单复数决定,而要取决于主语的单复数意义,即有些形式上是单数的主语而意义上却是复数的,此时谓语动词相应采用复数形式,而有些形式上是复数的主语却表示一个概念或事物,则谓语动词相应采用单数形式;大家熟知的就近原则是指句子谓语的单复数形式由最靠近它的词的单复数决定。下面运用以上三条基本原则具体分析一下英语语法中几类不易掌握的主谓一致问题:

语法一、 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题:

1. 一些以-s结尾的疾病名词、游戏名词、学科名词、国家机构名词等作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数

一致原则是指主语和谓语之间在单复数形式上保持一致,即主语(中心词)如果是单数形式,则谓语动词采用单数形式,而主语(中心词)如果是复数

形式;例如:

Diabetes is a kind of chronic disease. Draughts is an easier game than chess. Acoustics is the study of sound.

The Netherlands was hit by its worst storm in 2. 表示无生命的集合名词作主语,谓语通常用单

数形式,例如:

The fruit looks ripe in the orchard.

All the merchandise is imported from abroad. 有些有生命的集合名词被视为集体时,谓语动词用1976.

The United Nations was formed in San Francisco in 1945.

但如果游戏名词表示玩该游戏的棋子时,则其谓语动词取决于棋子的单复数;例如:

Five dominoes are laid face downwards. 2. 一些以-s结尾的由不可分割的两部分组成的事物名词作主语时,谓语动词一般采用复数形式,但如果用a / one pair of 之类表示单数概念的数量词来修饰时,则谓语动词要用单数:例如:

Jeans are still fashionable nowadays. One pair of scissors is not enough to fix it. 3. 一些以-s结尾的单复数同形的名词作主语时,如果该词用作单数,则其后的谓语用单数,若用作复数,谓语相应用复数;例如:

A series of children’s books has been published. There are two series of readers:beginners and advanced learners.

二、 集合名词作主语时的主谓一致问题:

1. 表示人或有生命物的集合名词作主语时,其谓语动词常用复数形式,例如:

The police are going to question him. The cattle provide human beings with milk and beef.

单数,强调个体成员时,谓语动词要用复数;例如:

The government is doing its best to boost production.

The committee are divided in opinion on this issue.

三、 并列结构作主语时的主谓一致问题:

英语中可以引起并列结构的词或词组有很多:and, both …and…,or ,either…or, neither…nor ,not…but, not only…but also, as much as, more than, as well as, together with 等,以下具体来讨论一下并列结构作主语时的主谓一致问题 1. 由and,both…and… 连接的并列结构作主语时,根据语法一致原则,应使用复数谓语,但如果并列结构表示一个整体概念或意义时,则用单数谓语, 例如:

Both Tom and Mike are my cousins.

American and Dutch beer are both lighter than British.

The stars and stripes is their national emblem. Knife and fork is placed on the dinner table. 表示人物身份为一身兼两职时,谓语动词仍用单数, 例如:

The professor and chairman is making a speech. 1. 由or, nor,either…or…,neither…nor…,not

only…but also…,not…but…连接的并列结构作主语时, 根据“就近原则”谓语动词应由最靠近它的词(组)的单复数决定;某些副词或介词短语引起的倒装句中如果出现并列结构,一般也按照就近原则处理, 例如:

Not only chairs but also bed has been moved. Here is a stamp and several envelopes. In the trunk was found a fur coat and a jacket. 3. 由比较结构as…as…,more…than…,less…than… 等引起的或由介词(短语)along with,as well as 等引起的并列结构作主语时,其谓语动词由靠前的词决定,换言之,比较结构或介词短语属于从属成分,不影响前面的主语决定谓语动词的单复数[3]

,例如:

The workers as much as the manager were responsible for the accident.

Tom more than his roommates is to blame. The vessel along with all its crew and cargo was lost.

四、 表示数量的名词作主语的主谓一致问题:

1. 表示确定数量的名词作主语时,一般由语法一致原则决定谓语的单复数形式,但当复数形式的数量词被当作一个整体概念使用时,则谓语用单数,例如:

Six months is too short a time for me to prepare for TEM4.

There are ten silver dollars in each of the pockets. 2. 表示非确定数量的名词(词组)作主语时,谓语

动词的形式取决于中心词的单复数,例如:

Plenty of sugar is imported from Cuba. The majority of the damage is repaired. The majority of the criminals are young men. 3, 当many a / more than one 作非限定词修饰名词(词组)时,其后的名词应由a或one限定而使用单数形式,相应地,其谓语动词也应由其决定而使用单数形式,但该词组在意思上是复数概念,译为“不止一个,许多” ,例如:

More than one student has failed the exam. Many a person has hoped for a long break.

五、分句作主语的主谓一致问题:

在英语中,分句可根据谓语动词的类型分为限定分句和非限定分句,具体来说,限定分句是指由限定动词词组(中心动词受到时态,人称和数的制约)作谓语的分句,而非限定分句(中心动词不受到时态,人称和数的制约)则是由非限定动词词组作谓语的分句[4]

。以下分别来讨论一下各类型分句作主语时的主谓一致问题:

1. 在名词性分句中,当一个限定性分句作主语时,其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式,两个或两个以上的名词性分句作主语时,通常用复数形式,但如果这种并列主语表示的是一个概念,则需根据意义一致原则使用单数谓语,例如:

What I said is true.

What I say and what I think are my own affairs. What I say and how I say is none of your business.

2. 在非限定分句中,当一个非限定性分句作主语

时,其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式,两个或两个以上的非限定分句作主语时,通常用复数形式,但如果这种并列主语表示的是一个概念,则需根据意义一致原则使用单数谓语,例如: To err is human, to forgive, divine. Watering flowers is her hobby.

Watering flowers and looking after children are my duty.

Weeping and wailing does nothing to the problem. 3. 在关系分句(定语从句)中,如果先行词由one

of 修饰,则从句中谓语动词用复数形式,若由the one of 修饰,则谓语动词用单数形式,例如:

He is one of the boys who are going abroad. ( 定语从句修饰的中心词是boys,所以谓语动词用are).

He is the only one of the boys who is going abroad.

( 定语从句修饰的中心词是one,所以谓语动词用is)

4. 在分裂句(强调句)中,从句的谓语动词由被强调的句子的实际主语决定,并与其保持主谓一致关系,例如:

It is I who am to blame. It is you who are to blame. It is my sister who is to blame.

5. 在存在句中,谓语动词由实际主语来决定,当实际主语由并列短语来充当时, 谓语动词应根据“就近原则”来决定,例如:

There is a rainbow in the sky.

There are a number of swans and a goose on the lake.

There is a sofa and two armchairs in the room. 总之,主谓一致问题是语法学习和语法研究的重点与难点,主谓一致原则是贯穿英语语法的核心原则,把握支配主谓一致问题的三大原则对于解决英语语法中的主谓一致问题起到至关重要的作用,同时对于提高英语学习者的听、说、读、写、译五大基本技能也起到重要的促进作用。 参考文献:

[1] Alexander, L.G.,Longman English Grammar[M] . Longman,1997

[2] Murphy,R. English Grammar in Use[M] . Cambridge University Press,1994

[3] 章振邦. 新编英语语法教程[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999(第三版)

[4] 张道真. 张道真实用英语语法[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002

[5] 杨东,李美阳. 任务型教学法在高校英语语法教学中的实践[J]. 沈阳教育学院学报,2009(5):51-54

作者简介:杨芙蓉(1978—),女(汉族),辽宁本溪人,沈阳大学外国语学院讲师,硕士,研究方向:英语语言教学。 通讯地址:辽宁省沈阳市沈阳大学外国语学院 110041 电话号码:18604019282 13840269733 杨芙蓉 电子邮箱:68005960@qq.com