发布时间 : 星期一 文章东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8更新完毕开始阅读2ac0beba856a561253d36f3f
Unit Six
1.3.1
1. We observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.
2. We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer.
3. Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer. 1.3.2
1. Provide a brief synopsis of key findings, with particular emphasis on how the findings add to the body of pertinent knowledge.
2. Summarize the result in relation to each research objective or hypothesis
3. Relate findings back to the literature or the results reported by other researchers
4. Discuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings. Compare study results with relevant findings from other published work. Briefly state literature search sources and methods. Use tables and figures to help summarize previous work when possible.
5. Discuss the limitations of the present study and any methods used to minimize or compensate for those limitations, or mention any crucial future research directions.
6. Conclude with a brief section that summarizes in a straightforward and circumspect manner the clinical implications of the work.
2.1.1 Check the sample Discussion and find the comparison of this study with previous researches.
This study Other researches 1. Consistent with previous studies, we observed a stronger positive association Similar result in this area for rectal than colon cancer. 2. Our study suggests a threshold effect The first prospective study of meat intake and for red meat intake on esophageal cancer esophageal cancer was published recently; that risk, beginning at a low level of intake, study had only 65 cases and found a positive with no further increase in risk with association for processed meat, but not red higher intakes, as reflected in the p-trend, meat, with esophageal adenocarcinoma. although it is possible that the referent group had a smaller-than-expected cancer incidence by chance. Previous studies have reported null or positive 3. We also observed inverse associations relations between red meat and endometrial between processed meat intake and cancer. leukemia and melanoma. In contrast to our findings, childhood leukemia 4. We found no association has been positively associated with intake of processed meats in a case-control study. 5. we observed a suggestion of an Despite finding no association between red or elevated risk for advanced prostate cancer processed meat intake and overall prostate with both meat types cancer risk 6. Although breast cancer risk related to a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies found meat intake did not appear to differ by no association with red meat intake; however, menopausal status in our study, we had the two most recent prospective studies found very few premenopausal cases (n = 94) positive associations for both red and processed and lacked information on hormone meat, specifically for estrogen and progesterone receptor status for a large number of receptor–positive breast cancers in cases. premenopausal women. 2.12
Like, like, Although, similarity, similar, most, most, But, equal
2.2.1 2.3
In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in overall mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a marginally significant 18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was mainly a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a possible effect of vitamin A supplementation 3.2
Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline. 3.3
The following is taken from a discussion section of a research paper. Discussion
A thorough analysis of both ?worst? and ?best? rankings shows that the onsite containment technique leads to the best LCA result in the light of the taken hypotheses. Unlike other treatment techniques, onsite containment requires not only few materials (geosynthetics only) but also small-scale excavation works. Actually the more a technique includes heavy technical operations involving materials and equipment, the worst is the result of LCA. This is the case for bio-leaching and offsite landfilling, which include, on the one hand, setting up the bio-leaching device, the treatment of leachates with lime, disposal of waste and cleaning of the site, and on the other hand, removal of soil and the transportation of huge quantities of materials over large distances.
As mentioned above, besides the LCA, it is necessary to take into account the ability of techniques to substitute for each other as well as the environmental burdens which may be associated with them. Viewed in this light, it is worth noticing that bio-leaching and offsite landfilling provide complete remediation of the site, contrary to other treatment techniques. Bio-leaching consists of a real onsite decontamination of the polluted soil, which enables bequeathing of a clean site to coming generations. Nevertheless, in addition to a bad LCA result, this emergent technique is still poorly known and its efficiency is not quite proven for large-scale applications as yet. As regards offsite landfilling, if the site is left usable without any risk, the huge quantities of non-stabilized waste, which have to be disposed of in landfill, may disturb the organization of local waste management. This point emphasises the bad result of LCA.
In return, if the favorable LCA result of onsite containment is due to light treatment operations, this very thing brings environmental issues up into the long-term. Indeed, only setting-up of a
water-resistance device entails onsite storage of huge quantities of non-stabilized soil meaning that the initial problem is actually postponed, but not solved.
As regards liming, which gives intermediate LCA results, an embankment of stabilized soil plays an important part in site rehabilitation. Indeed, in the absence of embankment, liming offers no
chance of reuse for the whole site, whereas the site becomes partly reusable when an embankment of limed soil is achieved. However, stabilization provided by the liming technique is not reliable in the long term and it cannot be assured that the site will be safe for coming generations.
To conclude, with the view to treating the site contaminated by sulfur in the short-term, the LCA has been a useful tool in determining the most environmentally friendly technique: onsite containment has been revealed to offer the best resource productivity.
On the basis of these interesting results, it would be useful to take into account a wider range of environmental flows in order to get a more exhaustive inventory. And furthermore, a more conventional LCA format could be achieved by using impact categories (global warming, acidification…) as inputs in the multi-criteria analysis, instead of environmental flows.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Unit 7
2.1 Summerizing
(Key: This text describes the experience of a Taiwanese man who has lived in Canada for several years. He considers Canadian women better off than Taiwanese. However, he notes some Canadian women feel nostalgic about the days when they received special courtesies. For example, formerly men opened doors for women or paid for their meals. At this time, most Canadians endeavor to treat men and women equally. Women today therefore are expected to cover the cost of their own meals. )
2.2 Paraphrasing
(Key for reference: Aries claims that beginning in the 1400s the way we viewed the family and the actual reality of the family changed. However, the change was so slow and subtle that people at that time did not see it. But the event itself, the growing importance of school, was quite striking. Prior to that time children were educated from the age of seven by being placed out or apprenticed to other families. Once schools were no longer limited to religious study, they replaced apprenticeship as society?s means of educating the young and initiating them into society.)
3.1 Key: EFABDC 3.2
1) The present study is designed to determine what in San Francisco attracts visitors more, … 2) The purpose of this investigation is to explore whether employees as well as managers have to
be equally trained for working in …
3) This study set out to tackle the rate of juvenile delinquency in 1994 in U. S. A. 4) The aim of this study is to determine whether education plays a role in ….
5) The project undertaken is to evaluate the marketing strategies currently applied by …. 6) The current study aims to determine whether children sent to daycare or preschool start …. 7) This project is aimed to explore how the discovery of … may change the way we treat ….
Unit 8 Writing Abstracts
1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about
What the study does This study examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time period studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This study challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi. How the study does it What materials are used Conclusion
1.3.2 Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function. Elements Functions Motivation Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn't obviously \your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. problem What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work statement (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. approach How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? results What's the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as \\