发布时间 : 星期二 文章英文论文Introduction的写作技巧-2015-0126更新完毕开始阅读1f97b10ca0116c175f0e48cb
英文论文Introduction的写作技巧
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学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画（The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper）。The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”.
1 引言的内容与结构布局
引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：
1）介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等；
2）对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；
3）指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义； 4）说明自己研究课题的目的；
5）概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。
如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。
我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。
第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……2) Reviewing previous research in this area………
第二层： Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant
question ……………………………………………………………………………
第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research…………………………………………… 第四层：1) Announcing your major findings …….2) Outlining the contents of your paper ………
需要注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样。而在引言中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅，对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。
引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引言中重复。
比较简短的论文，引言也可以相对比较简短。为了缩短篇幅，可以用一两句话简单介绍一下某研究领域的重要性、意义或需要解决的问题等。接着对文献进行回顾。然后介绍自己的研究动机、目的和主要内容。至于研究方法、研究结果及论文的组成部分则可以完全省略，如：
第一层: Introducing the importance of the research area and reviewing previous Research……… 第二层: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question …………………………………………
第三层: Specifying the purpose of your research………………………
可见，引言一般分为三到四个层次。每个层次都有各自的任务与目的。而在语言上也有各自的特点，掌握这些特点会使写作过程化难为易。下面将对引言各层次的写作特点和技巧分别加以介绍。
2 如何写引言的开头
引言开头(即第一层)最主要目的是告诉读者论文所涉及的研究领域及其意义是什么，研究要解决什么问题，目前状况或水平如何。也就是说，开头要回答如下问题： 1、 What is the subject of the research? 2、 What is the importance of this subject? 3、 How is the research going at present?
4、 In what way is it important, interesting, and worth studying? 5、 What problem does the research solve?
下面列举几段例子，以说明引言开头如何开门见山点明研究主题，回答以上问题。
例Purple loosestrife (紫千曲菜) is a wetland plant which invaded North America in the early 1800s. It is well established in the United States and Canada with serious infestations in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions.
研究主题是purple loosestrife。这种植物之所以值得研究（意义），是因为它严重侵扰了五大湖区及圣劳伦斯地区。
例Forecast of the tracks of hurricanes (飓风)have improved steadily over the past three decades, owing to a combination of better observations and much improved numerical models. These improvements, along with advances in warning systems and preparedness for emergencies, have brought about a significant decline in loss of life.
研究主题是 forecast of the tracks of hurricanes(对飓风轨道的预测)。这一领域取得了进步，意义是大大减少人员伤亡损失。
例Environmental indicators(环境指数)attempt to accurately describe environmental conditions and make available scientifically valid information on environmental trends．
研究主题是environmental indicators。环境指数的意义是能够精确地描述环境状况，并能够提供关于环境倾向的科学、有效的信息。
例Acoustic problem occur extensively in long spaces. For example, in road or rail tunnels noise pollution is a serious problem, and in underground stations poor speech intelligibility of public address systems can cause misunderstanding of vital instructions during an emergency.
研究主题是acoustic problem of longs paces(长空间的声学问题)，例如，公路与铁路隧道上的噪声污染就是一个严重的问题。地铁站的广播系统语言清晰度差，造成在紧急状态下信息误解，因此，这个问题值得研究解决。
通过分析这些例子，还可以发现如下特点。
首先，关键词往往出现在第一句话，回答What is the research area? 这个问题，迅速将主题告诉读者，避免转弯抹角，影响信息传递。然后简单介绍该研究领域的意义。
第二，引言开头句子的谓语动词或者是一般现在时态，或者是现在完成时态。这是因为这些动词所描述的是某研究领域的现状，而不是过去的情况。 引言的开头常用句型有：
句型1：研究主题+谓语动词be… ．例
a．Fuel cell(燃料电池)is a technology for the clean and efficient conversion from chemical energy in fossil fuels to electricity．
句型2: 研究主题+ has become …
a. Semiconductor based industry (基于半导体的工业)has be come the largest industry for the USA and it has influenced every other industry and every aspect of human life. b. The battery technology has become increasingly popular in automotive industry. c. Forest decline has become a favorite topic for environmental studies. 句型3：研究主题 + be 过去分词（被动语态）
a. Synthetic polymers (聚合物) are widely used in contact with biological systems in applications such as medicine, biotechnology, food processing and natural water environment. b. Air pollution has been extensively studied in recent years. c. The causes of glaucoma have been widely investigated recently. d. The importance of safe driving is now well established.
句型4: Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about + 研究主题
a. Recently, there has been growing concern about waste-water biosolid, the residual organic matter produced during waste water treatment.
b. In the 1990s there has been growing interest in the development of electric vehicles in response to the public demand for cleaner air.
句型5: Recently there have / has been extensive / increasing /numerous publications / literature / reporting on + 研究领域
a. There have been numerous publications over the last ten years on the need for nursing education to keep pace with the increase in knowledge of biological science.
b. There has been increasing reporting about forest decline in North America.
句型6: Researchers have become increasingly interested in +研究领域 或:Researchers have recently focused their attention on +研究领域；Researchers are recently paying more attention to + 研究领域
a. Researchers have become more interested in environmental indicators. b. Researchers are paying more attention to high pressure injection (高压喷射).
3 如何写研究动机与目的
在介绍了他人在某领域的工作和成果之后，下一步便介绍作者自己的研究动机、目的与内容。介绍研究动机可以从两个角度人手，一是指出前人尚未解决的问题或知识的空白，二是说明解决这一问题，或填补知识空白的重要意义。